Philosophy

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 47 & 48

4/25/2025

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The President of the Assembly and other officers of the State should take the essence of the herbs and being mighty should increase the prosperity of their subjects.
Men should visualize the practical activities along with the theoretical scientific knowledge and then should accomplish all dealings.
As the sun and air dispel darkness and help in the growth of Soma and other plants, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly and commander of the army destroy misery and increase the wealth or prosperity by making proper arrangements for their growth.
As men can go everywhere after acquiring knowledge from the learned people, manufacturing various vehicles and combining water in proper proportion, they cannot do so otherwise.
The President of the Assembly and the commander of the Army should protect their subjects and their armies incessantly as they preserve their own wealth.
The Officers of the State like the President of the Assembly and others should obtain much wealth for the welfare of the army and the people should manufacture many vehicles like the aero plane to take wealth away to distant places beyond the seas for business etc. and should make all happy.
It is the duty of the President of the Council of Ministers and the Commander of the Army to make arrangements for the construction of such vehicles as may travel in the firmament and take to distant countries.

The officers and people of the State should give to one another good things and should enjoy happiness.
Just as the royal men try for their own interest, in the same way, they must try for the happiness of the people as well.
The officers and people of the State should attend the assembly of the learned persons and should listen to their sermons, so that they may know their duties well.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 48

As the dawn makes men industrious, impelling them to be active and making them happy with the achievement of great substance and when in the evening, she makes them retire, in the same manner, the parents should urge upon their daughters to acquire wisdom and good education.
As the charming dawn makes all beings happy, in the same manner, wives should constantly make their husbands, and other relations, delighted and full of joy.
It is only a person who gets a learned wife, quite agreeable to him enjoys happiness and none else (as a house holder).
Those men who sitting in a quiet and pure solitary place, practice nine parts of Yoga including Sanyama, become siddhas, pure in mind word and deed. Those who associate with them and serve them also purify their minds and become seekers after Atma (God and Soul) and Yoga.
As the Usha (Dawn) is pure and giver of happiness and suitable for the practice of Yoga, so the women should be.
As women get their objects by dealing with labour, in the same manner, the dawn with her light gets the right of her dealing. As she awakens all people by creating the day and sends them to pursue their different vocations and makes them rest at night, the woman should also behave like her. She should make all busy by her own example and dispel all darkness of ignorance.
As chaste women serve their husbands regularly, as the Association of the Dawn with the objects is from a distance, in the same manner, the marriage of the bridegrooms should be arranged with the brides of distant places, so that the love between them may ever grow. The marriage between parties living close to each other causes trouble, while as that of the matches belonging to distant places is generally source of happiness.

As a good woman accomplishes all good works casting aside all obstacles, in the same way, the Dawn drives away with her light robbers, thieves and enemies and helps to accomplish noble acts.
As a good girl illuminates both the families of her parents and husband, in the same way, the Dawn reveals both gross and subtle objects.
As all living creatures are pleased with and get happiness by the dawn, in the same manner, those husbands who are pleased and contented with their noble wives, enjoy all -happiness and bliss.
O men, as the sun makes all beings delighted after turning the Dawn into day, in the same manner, you should please and adorn your wives and wives should please you. In this way, by mutual love and service all should enjoy happiness.
As this Dawn by her appearance causes us to attain pure water, air and light etc., removing all evils and revealing all noble objects, a noble lady should be of the same nature in the discharge of her domestic duties.
As without the Dawn which is followed by day, works cannot be accomplished easily and things cannot be seen in their true form, in the same manner, without a chaste and noble woman, domestic happiness cannot be attained.
None should imitate foolish people. As learned persons reveal the attributes of all objects and thereby spread knowledge and do good to all and as this Usha (Dawn) makes all happy by manifesting all objects by her light, in the same manner, women endowed with wisdom should adorn and illuminate the knowledge of all sciences in the world.
As the Dawn manifests by her light all the paths and doors, in the same manner, men should build houses that may be source of happiness in all seasons and by keeping there all enjoyable necessary objects should always be delighted.
Men should possess the knowledge of the attributes of the Dawn as taught by the learned and thereby acquire with exertion all objects that cause happiness. It is by the proper training or education given by the mothers that children become good. In this hymn, the attributes of girls and women have been taught by the illustration of the Dawn, and so this hymn is connected with the previous hymn.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 45 & 46

4/18/2025

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People should keep their sons’ celibate for at least twenty-five years and maximum forty-eight years and daughters for at least sixteen years and maximum twenty-four years, after giving complete and good education to their daughters, marry them according to the method called Swayambar (self-selection of spouse by groom or bride), so that everyone becomes happy.
When learned scientists give the correct and clear knowledge of thirty-three devas (divine or useful objects) to their pupils, they are able to accomplish many good works with the help of electricity and other substances.
O men, you should behave like those persons who are lovers of all, who are free from physical, vocal and mental defects, who have practical knowledge of all sciences and who regard all as their own lives and accomplish works dear to all men.
None can accomplish good works without the association of the righteous and learned persons. Therefore, all should acquire thorough knowledge of all sciences with their association.
Only those persons can enjoy all happiness, who receive education and knowledge from a learned mother, a learned father and a preceptor, who is knower of the Vedas. They can accomplish both secular and spiritual dealings along with science (Metaphysical and physical) and industry. None else can do so.

Men should acquire the knowledge of various sciences by sitting at the feet of a learned person who is like the fire endowed with many attributes.
Those persons who always endeavour for the propagation of knowledge and accomplishment of good deeds, can attain the prosperity of vast and good Government and wealth of wisdom, do not grieve.
It is the duty of the learned persons to give instructions gradually about the things and acts that produce good happiness, after visualizing them with knowledge and experiments, so that all their works may be accomplished.
Men should associate themselves only with those who give good things in charity to virtuous persons. None can enjoy divine happiness without the association and instructions of the persons endowed with knowledge and exertion.
Men should always invite good people, honour them, acquire from them the knowledge of all things, purify and derive proper benefit from them and spread that knowledge.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 46

O learned lady, as the wonderful dear dawn who is like the daughter of sky, shines forth and scatters darkness, so you shine forth on account of your noble virtues. As you praise lady teachers who are like the sun and the moon and preachers, so I also praise you much and keep you always happy.
As the fire and the water when methodically used by expert artisans are conveyers of the Vehicles swiftly, like the mind and means of obtaining much wealth, so the teachers and the preachers should also be.
If men get the knowledge of the arts and industries sitting at the feet of great scholars (or scientists) they are able to fly in the air like the birds by constructing aero planes and other suitable vehicles.
A man should nourish and support all beings and things as the sun does by giving light and raining down waters etc.
The officers and workers of the State should conquer their enemies by their powerful might and multiply their own and the wealth of their subjects.
As the sun and the moon dispel the darkness and thus make people happy, in the same manner, the President of the assembly and the Commander of the Army should cast aside all injustice and make people happy and contented.
Men should come and go by a Chariot on land, by a boat or ship to the river or sea and by aero plane on the sky.
None can travel by land, sea and firmament comfortably without the vehicles driven by the combination of the fire, water and other suitable articles.
If men go to the end of the ocean in steamers where fire, water and other necessary things are used in proper proportion, in accordance with the instructions given by expert learned persons for the accomplishment of Governmental duties and business, they can accumulate much charming wealth.
O travellers, you should know the directions with the help of the polar instrument (denoting the north and the sun etc.) and then drive your vehicles accordingly, so that you may not go astray, by mistake.
Men should build straight and easy paths for their journey everywhere and then travelling by aero planes and other chariots, they should enjoy happiness of various kinds.
None can achieve absolute happiness without the actions performed according to the instructions of enlightened persons. Therefore, these actions must be performed well.
O men, you should cause happiness to all like benevolent who make others happy, by giving them place of residence, knowledge and light.
The ruler and the subjects should love one another intensely and thus having achieved much prosperity, should always endeavour to do good to all.

O Ashvinau (The President of the Assembly and the Commander of the Army) you who pervade in all knowledge and happiness, drink the nectar-like juice of the various invigorating herbs and with your irreproachable protective activities bestow upon us happiness or suitable residence.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 43 & 44

4/11/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Highlights –
God has revealed all sciences through the Vedas. Likewise, learned persons disperse knowledge, justice and give delight. The man of the most charming good temperament and good habits and the sustainer of all. They should also take the help of learned persons and should make proper use of the Pranas and exertion. None can acquire knowledge and wealth (of all kinds) without the Grace of God, the help of the President of the Assembly and his own exertion.

Learned persons well-versed in all sciences, should always do a noble meritorious act. Such learned person is like fire in assemblies and on the occasion of the fulfilment of noble desires; who is also like the fire among the non-violent Yajnas from Agnihotra to Ashwa Medha or consisting of Yoga, Shilpa (Industries) Upasana (communion with God) and knowledge, bearing the glory of the Yajnas of inviolable various kinds and fire-bannered spreader of the light. Men should honour such learned guests as are righteous, respected by all learned persons, of cheerful disposition and benevolent.
A learned person should not waste even a single moment. He should know all days to be full of the noblest deeds. Knowing the days as such, he should be the protector of the people and performer of the Yajnas (non-violent noble sacrifices). It is not possible to perform a Yajna (non-violent sacrifice and philanthropic work) without the help of a learned person and suitable articles. Three things are derived from root word Yajna - honouring the learned, association with the enlightened people and charity.
The hymn wise, purported explanations –

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 43

God is called Rudra as being Omniscient Dispenser of Justice. By Rudra three meanings are taken. (1) God, (2) Soul & (3) Vayu or air. He makes the wicked weep by giving the fruits of their evil actions. (2) The soul is called Rudra as it weeps when it leaves the body at the time of death and gets the result of evil actions. (3) Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds.
As there is no happiness to children without parents, no happiness to the cattle without a cowherd, and the people without the king's assembly, in the same manner, none can enjoy happiness without knowledge and exertion.
As learned persons should give true knowledge to all having friendship with them, good character and conduct, as God has revealed all sciences through the Vedas, in the same manner, teachers also should endow all with knowledge.
None can attain knowledge, worldly happiness and the joy of emancipation without the help of a learned person who gives us the knowledge of God's praise and the herbs that destroy misery (caused by diseases) and the teaching of Pranayama that alleviates our suffering.
As God is the Light of lights, full of perfect Bliss, the Best of all the Devas (shining objects and the enlightened) and the Support of the earth and other worlds, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly or the Commander-in-chief of the army should be a person who is most brilliant like the sun and the gold, the best dispenser of justice, the giver of delight and bliss, the man of the most charming good temperament and good habits and the sustainer of all.

Men should pray to God for the happiness and health of their own and other men and animals. They should also take the help of learned persons and should make proper use of the Pranas and exertion.
None can acquire knowledge and wealth (of all kinds) without the Grace of God, the help of the President of the Assembly and his own exertion.
Men should administer a truthful and just State, conquering all enemies with the help of admirable force and strength.
When people take shelter in God who is un-paralleled and the President of the Assembly who is devoted to Him, they do not suffer at all. As God desires men of noble character and conduct and the President of the Assembly also does the same, in the same manner, all subjects should always desire God and the President of the Assembly. Without this sort of desire, real and vast happiness cannot be attained.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 44

Men should exert themselves and achieve all prosperity for obeying the command of God and by taking shelter in Him and noble learned persons. Learned persons well-versed in all sciences, should always do a noble meritorious act. They should never do an ignoble, wicked deed.
O God, you are well-loved messenger, Destroyer of the wicked, Sustainer of the world and Charioteer of the noble nonviolent deed, accordant with the sun and the moon and the dawn or Prana, Apana and the Dawn of the Divine Illumination, grant us heroic strength and lofty fame.
Men should accomplish all works having appointed a learned person well-versed in the Vedic lore as a messenger or ambassador, for the attainment of knowledge, kingdom and happiness. Such learned person is like fire in assemblies and on the occasion of the fulfilment of noble desires; who is also like the fire among the non-violent Yajnas from Agnihotra to Ashwa Medha or consisting of Yoga, Shilpa (Industries) Upasana (communion with God) and knowledge, bearing the glory of the Yajnas of inviolable various kinds and fire-bannered spreader of the light.
Men should honour such learned guests as are righteous, respected by all learned persons, of cheerful disposition and benevolent.
Learned persons should never glorify and take shelter in any one as God except the Lord who is the Preserver of the world, the Giver of emancipation, Giver of Knowledge, fulfiller of noble desires and bliss and worthy of worship or adoration.
A learned person should be honored and respected on account of his sublime virtues. Thus, taking shelter in him and his guidance, all should acquire knowledge and long life.
It is not possible to bring about the happiness of the subjects, the attainment of divine virtues without much effort and victory over the enemies. Therefore, all should accomplish it with great endeavour.
Men should properly use the light of the sun, electricity, and water etc. in all works and accomplish acts that purify the air and the rain and develop industries. None can accomplish all these things without the association of the learned persons as he cannot know the attributes of these things without acquiring knowledge from them.
The President of the assembly, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and other learned persons should always manifest divine virtues among the people for the protection of knowledge, the preservation of the subjects and other Yajnas.
A learned person should not waste even a single moment. He should know all days to be full of the noblest deeds. Knowing the days as such, he should be the protector of the people and performer of the Yajnas (non-violent noble sacrifices).
It is not possible to perform a Yajna (non-violent sacrifice and philanthropic work) without the help of a learned person and suitable articles. Three things are derived from root word Yajna - honouring the learned, association with the enlightened people and charity.
O men, God is the Adorable Friend of all, well-wisher High Priest of all men and their innermost Spirit, knows like a messenger the good or bad acts of all souls, whose unlimited lusters shine forth all around the world. Such a God is the Creator, Sustainer and Nourisher of the universe and its Sovereign Dispenser of Justice. He must be worshipped by all. In the same manner, a noble ambassador or messenger should also be respected by all.
Men should appoint righteous persons well-versed in all sciences in the various works of the State. The learned should accomplish all works with the assistance of well-trained attendants. Men should give up all indolence and always be engaged in doing good deeds. Without doing so, it is not possible to accomplish all works whether secular or spiritual.
Those commands that are issued by the Dharma Sabha and the Raja Sabha (Religious and Royal assemblies) should be obeyed by all people after listening to them attentively. The members of these assemblies also should give up all prejudice or partiality and should put forth their united efforts in such a way as to bring about the destruction of all ignorance un-righteousness and injustice for the welfare of all beings.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 40 to 42

3/28/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Highlights –
Everyone enjoys happiness by the association of and service to the learned persons, knowledge, Yoga, righteousness, doing good to others and spreading it to all. The man who serves learned persons with body, speech and mind, acquires inexhaustible wisdom, enjoys the earthly kingdom and then attains emancipation. Officers of the State should punish the persons who are doing mischief.

In these Suktas of Rigveda, principle of democracy is enshrined. People should elect head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the Army who is friendly to all as ambassador, teacher and preacher and a righteous person as dispenser of justice. They should talk politely. State should remove all wicked robbers and thieves as well as poverty, protect well all subjects, make all happy, keep them engaged in doing noble deeds, observe Brahmacharya (continence), renounce hankering after lustful indulgence and develop their physical and spiritual faculties with wisdom and good education, so should all people among the subjects also do. People should construct roadways, waterways and airways to travel on the earth, the sea and the sky

By worshipping God and obeying his commandants in Vedas, people attain all happiness. People should talk politely with their parents, teachers and other elderly educated persons. All men should pray to the Lord of the Universe to keep away from the path of evil and lead towards the path of Dharma.
The hymn wise, purported explanations –

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 40

Men should enjoy all happiness and bring the same to others by the association of and service to the learned persons, knowledge, Yoga, righteousness, doing good to others and other means. They should get happiness of all kinds by acquiring the knowledge of God-the Lord of all true wisdom.
Men should enjoy happiness by benefiting one another in the dealings of learning and teaching.
All men should do and desire that there may be development and diffusion of knowledge.
The man who serves learned persons with body, speech and mind, acquires inexhaustible wisdom, enjoys the earthly kingdom and then attains emancipation. Those who are well-versed in the science of speech or language, can make others learned and not others.
Everyone should adore only that one God who has revealed the Vedas (in the beginning of the Human creation) who pervades the entire Universe, in Whom the earth and other globes reside and in Whom learned persons abide during emancipation.
Learned persons should teach to all the Vedas with their meanings and limbs (grammar, meter, etymology etc.), their secret and practical application. If one desires to enjoy happiness, he must acquire the Vedic knowledge. Without it, none can attain true happiness. Therefore, all teachers and the taught should learn and teach all Vedas.
It is not all persons that approach a learned man who desires to diffuse knowledge. It is not all that can build a house that is suitable and source of happiness in all seasons. But it is only some fortunate persons that are able to do it.
Those officers and workers of the State who conquer their enemies in greater as well as lesser fights, imprison them and restrain them from doing any mischief, can administer the State righteously, enjoy happiness in this world and attain emancipation after passing away.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 41

Men should select the best person as the President of the Assembly or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, one who is friendly to all as ambassador, teacher and preacher and a righteous person as dispenser of justice. Having obtained protection from them, they should kill all their enemies, properly administer a vast Government and bring about the welfare of all. None should be afraid of death, as death inevitable to all living beings.
As President of the Assembly, the Commander-in-Chief of the army and other officers of the State set aside or remove with their power and strength all wicked robbers and thieves as well as poverty, protect well all subjects, make all happy, eliminate all obstacles, keep them engaged in doing noble deeds, observe Brahmacharya (continence), renounce hankering after lustful indulgence and develop their physical and spiritual faculties with wisdom and good education, so should all people among the subjects also do.
Men should ever try to destroy those wicked persons, who trouble the righteous and then enter their forts, come out of them and then again cause trouble to the noble. They should always be engaged in protecting the righteous, in overcoming, subduing or even killing the wicked and administering the country righteously. Those who shine on account of their virtues.
Men should construct easy straight paths free from the fear of thorns, pits, thieves and robbers by which chariots, steamers and aero planes may travel on the earth, the sea and the sky and there may not be any inconvenience and fear to anyone. Having done all this, they should enjoy the happiness of good and vast Government and should allow others to do the same.
Where learned persons being the presidents of the Assembly, commanders of the armies, members of the Councils and servants behave politely, there is never an end to happiness.
Men protected by learned persons acquire all desirable objects and noble progeny. Without this, none can make true progress.
When someone ask another how shall we attain friendship justice and good knowledge, he should tell him that it is possible to do so only by diffusing knowledge and by benevolence or doing good to others. Without these, it is not possible for anyone to enjoy happiness.
A man should not love those who are enemies of his friend and who are their (his friends' enemies, accomplices or helpers. Friends should always be protected and safe-guarded. The learned friends should always be served with wealth, food) clothes and vehicles etc. A man without friends cannot enjoy happiness, therefore men should make friendship only with righteous and learned persons.
A man should not associate himself with or trust persons of ill words and wicked actions. He should not also be unfaithful to his friends, nor hate or insult them.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 41

Just as humans overcome all sorrows and attain all happiness by worshiping God or obeying His commandments, in the same way pious people, friends of all, benevolent scholars in the presence of or by their teachings crossing the mesh like path of NE science get to knowledge form Sun.
Men should kill, throw away or imprison with the help of education, knowledge and army those wicked thieves who take away others' property. By so doing, they should make all roads and paths free from fear and danger. As God punishes the wicked according to their actions, in the same manner, we should also make them noble by giving proper Vedic education and suitable punishment.
The dispensers of justice should never leave a thief without giving him suitable punishment, otherwise the people will suffer. Therefore, for the protection of the people, it is necessary to give punishment to all guilty persons even if they be the parents, preceptors and friends of the officers concerned.
Justice-seeking people should never let a criminal thief go without punishing him. Otherwise, the people suffer, therefore, to protect the people, those who do evil deeds, parents, teachers, mothers, sons, friends, etc. should always be chastised and punished according to their crime.
As men should always satisfy and please their parents, teachers and other elderly educated persons with love and service, in the same way, they should gladden all good men by punishing the wicked for the welfare of all subjects.
Men should enjoy happiness abundantly by having the communion with God who is the Lord of all and association with a righteous President of the Assembly, a Commander of the army or dispenser of justice possessing prosperity, having acquired knowledge, gold and other kinds of wealth. They should make others also happy.
All men should thus pray to the Lord of the Universe. O God, take us away from the path of evil and lead us towards the path of Dharma. Learned persons also should be served and requested to conduct us by the pure and easy Vedic Path.
O God, grant us by your grace a beautiful country and good attributes, remove all miseries and lead us to happiness. O learned President of the Assembly, make us happy in this land by safe-guarding and preserving us with humility and giving us good education.
There is none except the President of the Assembly and Commander-in-Chief of the Army who is giver of happiness, strength and encouragement for exertion, remover of all fear of the thieves and the robbers, provider of all legitimate means of good enjoyment and illuminator of justice and knowledge. Therefore, all should take shelter in them.
No one should beg from any enemy out of folly, having given up the shelter of the President of the Assembly and the Commander of the Army, but after knowing the science of Politics from the Vedas, killing the enemies with the help of good and brave people, acquiring knowledge, gold and other kinds of wealth, giving the same in charity to deserving persons, knowledge should be diffused. In this hymn, by the use of the word Poosha, the President of the Assembly and Commander of the Army have been taken, the duty of increasing our power and removing wicked enemies, the attainment of all prosperity, treading upon the path of righteousness, developments of intellect and actions have been stated. So it has connection with the previous hymn.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 37 to 39

3/14/2025

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Force of the winds is working in a vehicle like the aero plane etc. which is without any horse and is very good or useful.
Those men who, like the winds, with liquid thrusts of motion in smooth, refined, chiselled and lubricated language and style, express themselves and their ideas, rise with their own brilliance like the rays of the sun.
If there were no gases, none could do anything. The words that are spoken from a distant place, can be heard with the help of the air as if they were spoken close by. Without the movement of the air, none can speak or hear anything. Whatever mighty acts are done by the heroes in the battle etc. are all done with the association of the air. Without air, one cannot even twinkle the eye. Therefore, everyone should always investigate the properties of the air.
Learned persons after studying the Vedas and knowing the attributes of the air should give happiness to all beings by doing glorious mighty deeds.
Men should always develop the power of the air that exists in their bodies. All knowledge about the sap etc. is acquired with the help of the air. Therefore, all should teach one another, so that all may know the attributes of the air.
O learned persons, shakers of all ignorance, you will shake your enemies to their very end, like the winds that are shakers of heaven and earth, who will not become advanced in knowledge and wisdom among you.
All your dealings are organized and ordained by the proper system of administration. When you go astray from your appointed right path, the President of the Assembly who is powerful like the wind gives you severe punishment. You should treat him as your father.
As an old King trembles on account of some terrible disease or the fear of his enemies; in the same way, this earth upheld from all sides by the air moves in its axis and the same is the case with other worlds. Without this thread-like enveloping air, no world can exist and move.
You should properly use the winds which are born out of the sky and which go here and there. They have their movement in all places where there is recess. All living beings get their strength from them.
The king and the subjects should know that just as, these airs are used for the movement of speech and water and making them listen good words for coming and going, birth, growth and destruction, similarly, the ritual of auspicious and inauspicious deeds is the cause of happiness and sorrow.
As the Monsoon winds carry up much water that causes the production of the cloud, generate lightning by mutual rubbing and make to fall down the long, vast, un-wetting rain retaining cloud, in the same way, they should cause the fall of all unrighteous dealings.
The Officers of the State like the Commanders of the armies should prompt the people to perform their works industriously and justly, as the winds move the clouds.
As these winds pass along here and there, artists and scientists give instructions on the path of (or for acquiring knowledge) knowledge and converse with one another about them. The knowledge of this science of sound is gained by a few and not by all.
It is the duty of the learned rulers and their subjects to accomplish their works by manufacturing vehicles for speedy motion. They should take pleasure in serving righteous persons and in giving suitable punishment to the wicked people.
As persons who are well-versed in the science of Prana and practisers of Yoga; eating what is conducive to health enjoy blissfully the full span of life, others also should learn this science from them and enjoy full life.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 38

As a father holds his son by both his hands, gives him proper education, brings him up suitably, urges upon him to do noble deeds, and enjoys happiness, in the same manner, those persons who like the air that upholds the worlds, take up Yajnas with knowledge and perform them properly become happy.
As the rays of the Sun illuminate all objects of the world, in the same manner, you should also approach learned people and ask them the proper utilization of the air and then enlighten others about it.
O men going quickly like the air to perform noble deeds, you should approach learned persons and ask them to enlighten you about the acts which enable us to fulfil our noble desires and should endeavor to do the same.
The officers the State and their subjects should also give up indolence and be engaged in discharging their duties like the winds that go on incessantly, so that their protector, the President of the Assembly or the council of Ministers, may not be killed by the enemies of the State.
As the deer becomes happy after eating grass to their fill, in the same manner, the knower of the science of Prana taking proper food and leading a regular life, does not fall in the Jaws of death soon.
The movement of the winds is of two kinds; one that is pleasant and giver of happiness, the second that causes misery and diseases. The former is that which is observed and used regularly thereby destroying diseases and promoting health and happiness for the body and the mind etc. The second is that which is used without the observance of any rules, with negligence and thus causing various terrible diseases and awful misery.
Men should perform all righteous deeds with proper use of winds that are in the firmament, causing rains and possessing some true characteristics. When suitably used, they give happiness, but when used improperly, they become adverse and cause misery, therefore men should perform all righteous acts methodically.
As the mother cows loving and desiring their calves, loudly bellow and run towards them, in the same way, the lightning goes to the clouds, making a great sound.
Learned people should tell all others that it is the winds that solidify the particles of the water and converting them into the cloud, create darkness even in day time and then generating the lightning and dissolving the clouds make them to fall down on earth and wetting it, they produce herbs and corns etc.
All movement of things and beings is on account of the association of the winds. Living beings tremble out of fear from the fierce stumbling on the lightning and the earth rotates every moment.
Yogis should make proper use of wind power for gaining strength through the practice of Yoga- Pranayama etc. and other persons engaged in worldly occupations should also utilize them properly.
O men, you should manufacture many kinds of vehicles endowed with various machines, use fire and water etc. and with their combination and that of the gases you should be able to move quickly everywhere, should get victory over your enemies and accomplish all works.
O learned men, as a dear friend pleases a loving friend who is a preacher of the Vedas and full of splendor by service and praise of his virtues in the same way, you should teach well the science of the manufacture of the aero planes and other vehicles with the Vedic speech for the knowledge of their properties.
O men taught by the learned, you must make your speech refined by the study of the Vedas with labour and thus becoming the masters of the speech, should listen to the attributes of God and air etc. and should teach about them to others.
Human beings should give happiness through learning and their efforts, just as the wind gives happiness by being the means of accomplishing tasks.

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 39

Those learned persons who desire happiness, should accurately know the properties of the air from God, the giver of all Delight (as given in the Vedas) and lucky great scholars or scientists, and then should enjoy happiness.
Righteous persons receive the Grace of God and victory. God also blesses only righteous persons and not others. These righteous persons should manufacture powerful arms, should practice their use well, train their army, defeat, capture or kill (as the case and necessity may be) their unrighteous wicked foes and protect their subjects justly.
As strong winds shatter trees and other things and sustain earth, in the same manner, righteous dispensers of justice, should demolish unrighteous conduct and preserve the people with righteous justice.
As the airs have no enemies and are liked by all, in the same way, people should be endowed with knowledge, righteousness, strength and force and justice, so that they may rule over all with justice, may destroy their opponents and should become so popular as to have no enemy at all.
As loyal learned persons, keep under their control intoxicated robbers and thieves, and preserve and support righteous people, you should also do like them.
If men properly use water, fire and air in the vehicles and thereby travel from one place to another, they can easily go and come everywhere.

As wise men enjoy happiness by casting aside all fear by the proper combination of the air, water and fire etc. so we should also do.
Men should extend happiness which brings about welfare to all, by making them refrain from evil selfish enemies who have no idea of doing good to others, but on the contrary who give them trouble, by imparting them good knowledge and education or conquering them in battles with the help of army and power.
As Monsoon winds, sun and lightning cause the production of fruits and flowers by means of the rains for the happiness of all, in the same manner, learned persons should make all people happy by giving them Vedic knowledge.

As righteous brave people when full of indignation conquer their enemies with powerful weapons and gladden their subjects (people) having attained resistless Government, in the same manner, all persons should conquer with all their might (spiritual as well as physical when necessary), those who are haters of the true knowledge (Vedas) God and Vedic Scholars and should thus make their state full of the light of God and the true Vedic knowledge.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 36

3/7/2025

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With Vedic hymns and holy eulogies, we earnestly request the Supreme Leader and Lord of all His devoted subjects who desire to lead divine lives, whom other benevolent, wise and righteous persons also inflame in their hearts for the fulfilment of noble desires.
Men should remain contented with the Communion with or contemplation upon One God only. Wise learned persons never accept anything else as Adorable in the place of God, therefore they cannot be defeated. Thus, those who are atheists can never overcome them.
All men cause oblations to reach the heavens, attaining happiness thereby and as the flames or splendors of this electricity and the famous material fire go upwards.
None can achieve, preserve and develop or prosper the State without the brave messengers who are well-versed in all Shastras, the best among the knowers of Political Science and History, righteous and clever. Therefore, all should act as stated in these Mantras.
It is only the members of the Assemblies along with good ambassadors and messengers who can preserve the State and none else.
As learned persons give happiness to the people of the world by putting pure oblation in the sacrificial fire, in the same. manner, the officers and workers of the State should put in prison wicked unrighteous persons and give delight to righteous persons.
None can overcome his enemies without the members of the Assembly and servants of the State, who are devoted to the liberal President of the Assembly or the council of ministers) having attained Swarajya.
As lightning, fire and sun, cut into pieces the cloud and causing rain fill all worlds with water that gives happiness to all, in the same manner, the subjects should be gladdened by the President of the Assembly and other workers of the State by destroying enemies like the thorns.
Highly intelligent officers and workers of the state should be full of splendour like the fire and endowed with great virtues. They should create pure and graceful forms, knowing the real nature of the divine virtues and of the earth and other elements and shining on account of their wisdom.
The man whom all learned and other righteous persons. appoint as the ruler of the State, because he is thoughtful, the bringer of all articles that are worth-taking, endowed with noble virtues, possessing the wealth of wisdom and gold etc, who is good mannered and civilized, should protect and preserve all people like their father.
The President of the Assembly and other persons of the State should properly utilize the fire which is kindled by the priests and other learned men for the homa that is meant to purify the air and the rain and whose glows or lusters go upwards, whose properties are mentioned in the Vedic Mantras, for the accomplishment of the work of arts and industries that is helpful for administrative purposes.
The President of the Assembly and other persons of the State should have friendship with the scholars of the Vedas and other highly learned persons. They should fill up continuously the stores of food and wealth and should be able to wage war against thieves and robbers. Thus, they should give much happiness to the people.
A President of the Assembly should be full of splendor like the Sun. He should overcome all unrighteous and wicked enemies by waging war against them and should take his seat on a high pedestal along with the learned priests for the protection of all beings.
The President of the Assembly who is exalted on account of noble virtues and good temperament should keep all men away from sin with the fear, of the punishment for the transgression of the laws of the State. He should burn away all wicked foes, should keep with enlightened persons and make all endowed with noble virtues for the growth of knowledge, happiness and life.

Men should pray for protection to the kind-hearted President of the Assembly who desires the growth of righteousness and is the protector of all from all sides. Men should also keep themselves away from persons of wicked nature and all sins, in body, word and mind. Without doing so, none can remain ever happy.
The Commander of an army and others should smite down the limbs of their enemies as artisans break the stones etc. They should then be engaged day and night in preserving their own subjects, so that enemies may not be able to give them trouble.
As this material fire when properly utilized by the learned, gives them strength and prosperity and protects an expert artist and his friends; in the same manner, the President of the Assembly, when requested by the men of army and others gives them strength and encouragement and wealth should preserve experts in the science of war and their friends.
All righteous persons should challenge for fight, in co-operation with the President of the Assembly those un-righteous people who take a way unjustly others' articles, who are crooked and desire their victory. They should demolish their houses built on the mountains or in the forests and they should put them into prisons.
By the divine grace of the worshippers, by involving the officials of the state for the protection of the subjects, with the fame of true conduct to all men, giving joy to the righteous and chastising the wicked and making wise men imbibe knowledge.
The members of the council, the princes and the subjects should destroy the evil-doing creatures, just as the fire etc. consume the forest etc. The subjects should be protected continuously by such virtuous souls.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 35

3/1/2025

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Men should day and night utilize properly the fire air and sun and then attain happiness. Without this, none can enjoy happiness.
As the earth and other worlds uphold men and other creatures, in the same way, the solar world upholds the earth and other spheres by its attracting power or gravitation. God upholds the sun and other worlds by His power. In this way, all worlds are upheld in proper order. Without this, it is not possible for any world with weight and velocity to stay in its axis. Without the rotation of the worlds, it is not possible to have the parts of time like the seconds, hours, days and nights, fortnights, months, seasons and years etc.
As in this universe, created by God, the air moving upward and downward, brings below those things that are above and takes upwards them that are below and as the sun with his rays dispels all darkness, sometimes casts aside miseries and manifests happiness and at other times drives away happiness and manifests distress, in the same way, the President of the Assembly and others with their armies should move here and there and having conquered their enemies, should safeguard the interests of the people.
As there is the mighty air which is the cause of the sun and other objects and upholder of the solar and other worlds, having the power of gravitation and as there is the sun sustaining all worlds and manifesting all forms with his power and attraction and without them (the air and the sun) not even an atom can be sustained, so a king should maintain kingdom being full of the wealth of virtues.
All these are the attributes of the solar world like the light and attraction which uphold the world and properly manifest all objects. The worlds that are near the sun, are illumined by the light of the sun and the air also sustains the people. On account of this, all worlds remain in their axis. So, you should bear all noble virtues and establish justice, maintaining proper order.
All works are accomplished with the help of three luminaries the sun, fire and electricity born of Agni in the subtle form. When the souls depart from the bodies they go to Yama-it is said. What is that Yama is the question. The answer is that by Yama is meant here the Vayu or air in the firmament. As there are soldiers and servants as a part of the army, in the same manner, all living beings and the dead are dependent upon the air. The earth, moon. stars and other worlds depend upon the light of the sun.
When this earth while rotating around the Sun, covers the light of the sun and creates darkness, then learned persons ask where has the sun gone? The question should be properly answered that he is on the back of the earth. His rotation at his own axis is very subtle, therefore ordinary people cannot know it. Such are also the thoughts of the wise, which all cannot understand.
This Solar world illuminating all objects, disintegrating particles, taking them to the firmament through the air and bringing them down brings about charming happiness to all souls. It upholds or sustains the waters on the earth and up to about 50 miles in the firmament in gross subtle, light or heavy forms known technically as Sapta Sindhus. In the same manner, learned persons should maintain all with knowledge and righteousness and should make them happy and blissful.
As sun is related with many worlds on account of his gravitation, illumines all objects and enables all to distinguish between light and darkness, you should also be like him, spreading the light of knowledge and dispelling all darkness of ignorance.
As air keeps all objects in proper order on account of its attraction and force and as thieves cannot be so powerful in daytime (out of fear) so you should also be. God who has created useful articles like the air, should always be thanked by all.

You, who has created pure paths in the sky or your glorious world for the movement of the Sun and other worlds, in which the Sun-like worlds move according to the rules and all living beings move, preach the paths and qualities of all those things so that we can live here and there.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 34

2/21/2025

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Men should use various machines in proper order and coordination like the day and the night. We should manufacture vehicles which may travel on earth, in oceans and the sky by making various machines, pegs and wedges etc. and moving them with the combination of the water, air and other elements. Without this science, it is not possible for anyone to eradicate poverty and attain prosperity.
Those persons who desire to travel on the earth, the ocean and the firmament, should construct aero planes and other vehicles with three sets of wheels and supports. Sitting in such cars, they can travel by the route of the earth, the ocean and the firmament thrice in a day and a night. The pillars or supports should be of such a nature that all parts of the machines and the parts of the pillars made of wood and iron may have their proper place. These cars or vehicles should be moved None can travel on with the proper use of the fire and water. the earth, the ocean and the middle regions, without such vehicles. Therefore, special efforts should be made for the construction of such cars.
Learned artisans and conductors of vehicles with machines should manufacture various conveyances artistically for the happiness and pleasure of the body, mind and soul. They should earn money and make all beings happy, so that everyone may learn this science and make progress in it day and night industriously, giving up indolence and endeavor to preserve it with zeal.
It is the duty of the persons well-versed in various arts, to make those intelligent men who desire to acquire the knowledge of these arts, to give proper theoretical and practical training and thereby enable them to accomplish many works by acquiring the knowledge of these arts, with dexterity and Labor.
Men should always enjoy happiness by accomplishing the works of arts with the help of the ashvinau (fire and water), ´ developing their intellects, food and prosperity and travelling to distant places in the vehicles manufactured by expert artisans.
Men should take for health, medicines which are in the water or on the earth, which destroy diseases. They should manufacture conveyances like the home of iron, copper and brass etc. store their barley and other corns, should burn fire, place water and by their combination should make them to move fast, going to distant places for business and work and coming back soon. In this way, they can enjoy much happiness.
Those who desire worldly happiness, should construct vehicles with parts of the earth and other elements and mechanical devices and by the proper use and combination of the water and fire should go soon to distant countries, as the soul soon goes to another body by the path of the firmament after death. None can enjoy worldly happiness without this act.
Men should know that it is on account of the disintegrating, gravitative and rain-producing properties of the air and the sun, that the rivers flow. The oblation that is put in the fire, removes all bad smell and other impurities and causes happiness to all which is free from all misery and beneficial so that happiness and health grow day by day. Without it, none can live happily. Therefore, men should perform this Yajna everyday with the object of purifying the air and water.
The persons who long for prosperity should fasten three things or have three seats in the beginning, middle and end of the vehicles. (1) A seat for men. (2) Second place for keeping the fire. (3) Third place for keeping water. Whenever there is desire to go out on tour, fuel etc. should be properly put to feed the fire, which should be burnt with the aid of the air produced by machines and with the force of the steam. In this way, men can go to distant places as if they are close by. Without such conveyances or chariots (aero plane being one of them) no one can travel to distant places safely.
When fire and water are put in proper proportion and duly combined in the vehicles, they take us soon to distant places. There should be such a place for the exit of the steam, that the speed may be accelerated. He can enjoy happiness well who knows this science.
When men travel in nice vehicles, they can comfortably go to the other end of the great ocean in three days and nights and go round the world in eleven days and nights. Doing this, attaining full age, casting aside all their miseries, conquering their enemies, they are entitled to enjoy the happiness of vast government.

No one can traverse by the paths of the earth, water and firmament without the car or vehicle prepared and yoked by expert learned artisans. Therefore, men should attain prosperity of good Government, good army and brave persons and should get victory in battles using such wonderful vehicles. So men should pay attention to this important matter also.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 33

2/14/2025

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Men should increase the power of their body and soul by obeying the commands of and the communion with that God who causes the growth of our real wealth by dispelling our darkness and augmenting our knowledge. Without His aid, none can attain the fruit of Dharma (righteousness) wealth, fulfilment of noble desires and emancipation).
As a hawk reaches its cherished pleasant nest from other places quickly, in the same manner, men should adore God bowing before Him and verifying His glory through the illustration of the solar worlds and other wonderful things. All the created substances in the world ensure the presence of the Creator. Nothing can be created without a creator. As in this world, nothing can be made unless there is a maker, in the same way, we should know about the creation made by God.
As a trader arranges to graze and feed his cattle properly and with their milk, his purpose is accomplished well, as the rays of the grand solar world created by God penetrate all the objects of the world like arrows and with the help of the air make them move upward and downward, making them full of sap and gladden all, in the same manner, a king should protect and preserve his subjects.
As God is without any enemies or as the sun overcomes all clouds that cover his light, so men should also destroy all thieves and plunderers, protect righteous wealthy persons and should become so popular as to be without any enemies.
As the sun gives happiness to all beings by upholding the day, the earth and other worlds and the light, in the same manner, you should establish true Government and make people happy by upholding all good virtues, by giving up all vices, by duly, punishing the un-righteous persons and by raining wisdom and good education and preaching righteousness day and night.
Those men who accept as their commander-in-chief a person who is endowed with physical and spiritual power and who is a righteous hero and make their army ideally powerful and the best, when they begin to fight with un-righteous enemies, their foes fly before them.
Men should do various acts in connection with a war. The first is to please and feed properly the soldiers of one's own army and the second to diminish the force and zeal of the un-righteous foes. As the sun gives light to all and dispels all darkness, in the same way, a person should manifest all noble virtues and eliminate all evils and defects.
As God has endowed the Sun with light, attraction and gravitation etc., He has enjoined upon all to appoint only such persons for ruling as are endowed with knowledge, Dharma (righteousness) justice and brave army etc. It is only they that can rule over men on account of their extra-ordinary ability.
As the solar world illuminates the earth and other worlds and upholds them by its power of gravitation, dispelling the darkness of the clouds and the night, in the same manner, O men, you should enjoy the happiness of vast and good Government with the help of the Vedas, and the highly educated persons removing the ignorance of the foolish and teaching good lessons to your opponents.
Men should righteously enjoy the happiness of good Government by acting like the sun bearing splendour and light (of wisdom) dispelling the darkness of injustice done by the enemies of the State. There cannot be any stability in the rule of deceitful and cunning people. Therefore, highly educated persons should be prepared to administer the state, being themselves free from deception, but at the same time, removing or displacing the cunningness used by their opponents.
As the rain produced by the lightning after the destruction of the Vritra (cloud) causes to grow the barley and other articles of food and the water of the rivers, tanks and oceans, in the same manner, men should rain down or shower all noble virtues on all sides, give happiness to the people, slay their enemies, illuminate or manifest knowledge and other virtues and should always follow Dharma or righteousness.
As the lightning gladdens all by striking the clouds and producing water, in the same manner, men should constantly shower or rain down all happiness on people, by teaching wicked persons or punishing them properly and by overcoming enemies by severe punishment and use of powerful weapons.
As the lightning with its sharp impetus strikes down the solid cloud and. its parts and makes it fall down on earth, in the same manner, the President of the assembly or the Chief Commander of the army should destroy his enemy with the power of his intellect and body, should cause him to fall down on the ground and if he is alive, should bring him to his side.
As the Sun gives happiness to all beings by causing the fall of the cloud with his rays, in the same manner O Commander of the army, you should also constantly protect and preserve all subjects by subduing all enemies by the use of the army, military education and arms.

As the sun gives happiness to all beings by causing the fall of the water of the cloud from the firmament, in the same manner, the commander of the army and other persons should constantly enjoy happiness by captivating and imprisoning wicked enemies and protecting the righteous people.

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February 07th, 2025

2/7/2025

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 32

We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Highlights –
Everyone should discharge their duties in the same manner as the Sun does. Sun, without stopping does his duties of providing heat, light, rain etc. to the earth and make the life to survive. Similarly, the persons in power should protect the righteous people under their protection and to destroy enemies.

The hymn wise, purported explanations –

Mandala 1 – Sukta – 32

As the sun created by God does all his natural works like giving heat, light, attraction, raining, burning etc. day and night, in the same way, all officers and workers of the state should discharge their duties properly, being engaged day and night in protecting and preserving their subjects.
As the Sun gives new life to all beings by striking down the cloud in the firmament and bringing it down on the earth, in the same manner, the Commander of the army should strike down wicked enemies who take shelter in the mountains or the forts and thereby should gladden the people constantly.
Just as taurus becomes strong by increasing vigour and becomes happy, in the same way the commander should become strong after drinking milk et cetera.
As a man having destroyed the force and the deceit of his enemy and having conquered him, manifests happiness and the light of justice in his kingdom or self-government, in the same manner, the sun destroys the solid cover on light caused by the cloud by expanding his rays, dispels darkness and manifests his own splendour.
Just as, someone pierces the body parts of an enemy with a sharp weapon and drops them into the ground and that dead enemy sleeps on the earth, in the same way, this Sun and lightning pierce the parts of the cloud and drop it into the ground and it looks like a dead sleeping in the ground.
As the cloud fights with the sun giving light to the world and covers him for the time being, but cannot stand before the powerful sun for a long time; when destroyed by the sun, it falls down on the earth, then by the water which is a part of its body, the rivers are filled and they flow towards the sea; so should a king or a Commander of the army destroy his enemies with his might, so that they may never raise their heads.
Like a weak man is engaged to fight against a powerful. As in the end [that cloud] falls on the earth after being shattered and defeated by the Sun, so is the condition of that man also, who is engaged to fight with the righteous king.
The water that goes to the sky with air, disintegrated by the Sun, becomes cloud. When the tanks and rivers become full of water, the cloud covers the light of the sun. When the sun, smites it into pieces with his rays, then it enters the banks, big rivers or the sea and sleeps there (so to say). It may be said that it is trampled under the feet of men. In the same manner, an un-righteous person goes to ruin, having grown much for some time.
When through rain, the cloud comes down to the earth, then its mother (earth) seems to be sleeping with it. The sun is the father of the cloud, being its generator. The earth and the sky are like two wives of the Sun. When the Sun draws the water and throws it through the air in the firmament, then his son cloud grows like a mad man. Then the sun smites it down and causes it to fall down on the earth. Thus, the cloud sometimes goes up and again comes down on the earth. In' the same manner, the King and other officers of the state should throw away the thorns of the people (wicked people) hither and thither and should safe-guard the interests of their subjects. They should protect and preserve them well.
It is the duty of the President of the Assembly, to minimize the force of the mighty enemies and keep them under his subjection. As the cloud is not visible when it is lying among the waters of the sky in subtle form, but then through rain it takes a concrete form as a mass of waters, it becomes visible. But these waters which never stop for a moment, but always go up and down below and which form the body of the Vritra (Cloud) are not seen in the firmament, as they are very subtle, similarly the mighty foes should be overcome by making their power less and less day by day.
As a cowherd keeps his cows confined for some time in a suitable place and sets them free by opening the door of the cowshed, as by Vritra ( cloud) the waters are kept under control (so to speak ) by imprisoning them in a way, as the Sun destroys the cloud and sets free the imprisoned waters by opening their door, in the same way, the officers of the state should captivate and keep under subjugation their un-righteous enemies and should constantly guard and preserve their subjects.
As when the cloud covers the light of the Sun, the latter strikes it with his rays and causes it to fall down on earth in the form of the rain. He (Sun) is therefore the cause of the seas which store the mass of waters that come and go. In the same manner, a king who is the protector of his subjects should subdue his foes, should smite them with his weapons and thus by humbling them, he becomes the instrument in their treading upon the path of righteousness.
The heroes of a state should get victory over their enemies. As a frightened or alarmed hawk when attacked by someone, goes hither and thither, in the same manner, the cloud destroyed by the sun falls down here and there. By its waters which are like its body, it fills up many streams in the world. There is no cause for the existence of the cloud except the Sun. As fear enters the heart of some weak beings in dark, in the same way, the lightning and thunder of the cloud cause fear and their remover or dispeller also is the Sun. He (sun) is the cause of the dealings of all worlds on account of his light and attraction etc. Bearing all this in mind, heroes should behave like the Sun.
The servants of the kingdom, as a wounded bird with fear flies away from here and there, so the cloud, which is torn apart here and there by the Sun, falls here and there, in the midst of the world with the water of his body. It upgrades many rivers and streams.

Like a king keeps the wheel of a chariot on its axles, like this Sun shining in the midst of a peaceful and turbulent world, moves in its orbit holding all the worlds. Without this, it is not possible to have the concept of a near embodied world, the attraction of light and rain of clouds, etc., in the same way protect the state with righteousness.

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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 47 & 48

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 45 & 46

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 43 & 44

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 40 to 42

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 37 to 39

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 36

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 35

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 34

Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 33

February 07th, 2025

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