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PHILOSOPHY

Path of Wisdom - Yoga Vasistha

11/7/2025

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The impure is the cause of birth; the pure liberates one from the birth. Both Work (Self-efforts) and Knowledge (Self-Knowledge) together lead to the supreme goal of liberation. The self-effort, neither fate nor a god’s order, is responsible for whatever man gets here. There are four gate-keepers at the entrance to the realm of freedom (Moksha). They are self-spirit, spirit of enquiry, contentment and good company.
The Yoga Vasistha, a profound spiritual text in Advaita Vedanta, outlines a progressive path to self-realization through what are known as the Seven Jnana Bhumika (stages of wisdom or knowledge). These stages describe the inner journey of a spiritual seeker towards liberation (Jivanmukta).
Seven Steps of Self-Realization as per Yoga Vasistha:
  1. Subheccha (Good Desire/Aspiration for Truth):
This is the initial stage where the seeker develops a genuine desire for liberation and spiritual growth. They begin to question the ephemeral nature of worldly existence and cultivate a disinterest in material pleasures (Vairagya). This stage involves seeking knowledge from scriptures (Sravana) and associating with wise people (Satsanga). It's the awakening of a strong intention and an urge to improve one's spiritual practice.
  1. Vicharana (Right Inquiry/Self-Inquiry):
Having developed a sincere aspiration, the seeker moves to critical inquiry into the nature of the self, the world, and Brahman. This involves deep reflection on what has been heard and read (Manana), questioning assumptions, and seeking clarity. Through meditation and introspection, the seeker starts to understand the sources of their inner disturbances and how to overcome them.
  1. Tanumanasa (Tenuous Mind/Attenuation of Mind):
In this stage, the mind, through continuous practice of self-inquiry and detachment, becomes subtle and focused. It's described as becoming "thin as a thread" (tanu), as it sheds its various distractions and fixates on the One. This is achieved through practices like pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses), inner silence, meditation, and other yogic disciplines, leading to a disciplined and calm mind.
  1. Sattvapatti (Attainment of Purity/Realization of Truth):
This is a significant stage where the seeker attains spiritual light and a clear understanding of the ultimate truth. They realize the distinction between the self and the ego, and begin to see the interconnectedness and oneness of all things. The world starts to appear dream-like or unreal, and the individual experiences deep spiritual peace and tranquillity. A person in this stage is often referred to as a "Brahmavit" (knower of Brahman).
 
 
  1. Asamsakti (Non-attachment/Detachment):
At this stage, the individual achieves a perfect non-attachment to worldly objects and pursuits. They are unaffected by external circumstances, whether pleasant or unpleasant. All desires are annihilated, and the seeker is liberated from the cycles of attraction and aversion.
  1. Padarthabhavana (Non-perception of Objects/Cessation of Objectivity):
In this advanced stage, the realization that the things of the world are unreal becomes firmly established. The seeker's awareness is untainted by the perception of duality; they recognize Brahman everywhere and experience the bliss of the non-dual Self. The distinctions between knower, knowing, and known dissolve.
  1. Turyaga (Transcendence/The Fourth State):
This is the ultimate and highest stage, the state of liberation here and now (Jivanmukti). It is characterized by samatva (equanimity) and samadarshana (looking upon all beings with an equal eye). All desires, thoughts, and actions are burnt up, leaving no Vasana (latent impressions) that could generate further desires. The mind is completely still, free from all agitations, and the individual rests in the sublime silence of the very nature of the Self. Beyond this, the Yoga Vasistha also mentions Turiyatita, the state of disembodied liberation, where even the body is transcended.
These stages represent a progressive refinement of consciousness, leading from intellectual understanding to direct, experiential realization of the supreme truth. The Yoga Vasistha emphasizes self-effort, inquiry, and the guidance of a wise teacher as crucial elements in this journey.

From Duality to Unity -

Spiritual traditions, particularly Advaita Vedanta and various forms of Yoga refer to a fundamental shift in perception and identity, moving from seeing oneself as a separate individual in a material world to recognizing oneself as one with the underlying, all-pervading Universal Consciousness (Brahman, God, the Absolute, etc.).

This process often involves overcoming what is known as Maya – the cosmic illusion that makes the diverse, phenomenal world appear real and separate from the ultimate reality.

Key Principles -
1. Understanding the Nature of "World Appearance" (Maya) -
  1. Our ordinary perception is based on duality – subject-object, me-them, inner-outer, good-bad, pleasure-pain. We identify strongly with our individual body, mind, and ego, and see the world as something external to us.
  2. Imperfection and Transience: The world of appearance is characterized by change, impermanence, suffering, and limitations. Nothing in it is truly lasting or perfectly satisfying.
  3. The Veil of Illusion: Maya is not "unreal" in the sense of being non-existent, but rather "unreal" in the sense that it's not the ultimate reality. It's like a dream – while you're dreaming, it feels real, but upon waking, you realize it was a projection of your own mind. Similarly, the world of appearances is a projection or manifestation of Universal Consciousness, but we mistake the projection for the projector.
2. The Shift to Universal Consciousness:
  1. Non-Duality (Advaita): The fundamental understanding is that there is only One ultimate reality, Brahman. Everything we perceive is a manifestation or appearance of this one reality. Our individual consciousness is not separate from Universal Consciousness; it is Universal Consciousness.
  2. Identity Shift: This "graduation" means a profound shift from identifying with the limited ego-self ("I am this body, this mind, this person") to realizing one's true nature as the boundless, infinite Universal Consciousness ("Aham Brahmasmi" - I am Brahman; "Tat Tvam Asi" - Thou art That).
  3. Liberation from Suffering: When this shift occurs, the root cause of suffering (identification with the impermanent, limited self) is removed. The individual is no longer tossed about by the ups and downs of the world, as they know their true nature is untouched by these phenomena.
3. Practical Steps and Spiritual Practices:
This "graduation" is not an intellectual exercise but a deep, experiential realization. It typically involves a combination of practices:
  1. Self-Inquiry (Jnana Yoga/Atma Vichara): "Who Am I?" Constantly questioning the nature of the "I" – Is it the body? The mind? The thoughts? The emotions? By systematically negating what you are not, you arrive at the realization of what you truly are (pure consciousness).
  2. Discrimination (Viveka): Developing the ability to discern between the real (the eternal, unchanging Self) and the unreal (the transient world of appearances, including the ego).
  3. Non-attachment (Vairagya): Cultivating detachment from the results of actions, from possessions, relationships, and even one's own thoughts and emotions. This doesn't mean abandoning the world, but not being bound by it.
  4. Meditation (Dhyana): Through regular meditation, one learns to quiet the incessant chatter of the mind (vrittis). As the mind stills, deeper layers of consciousness become accessible.
  5. Focus on the Self/Brahman: Meditations can involve focusing on the breath, a mantra, or directly on the feeling of pure awareness or emptiness, gradually expanding that awareness beyond the personal to the universal.
  6. Transcendental States: Extended and deep meditation can lead to states like Samadhi, where the distinction between meditator, meditation, and object of meditation dissolves, leading to direct experience of non-duality.
  7. Devotion (Bhakti Yoga): Surrender to the Divine: For some, the path is one of deep love and surrender to a higher power, seeing the divine in all forms and ultimately realizing that the devotee and the divine are one. This can soften the ego and open the heart to universal love.
  8. Seeing God in All: Cultivating the vision that everything in the world is a manifestation of the divine.
  9. Action without Attachment (Karma Yoga): Selfless Action: Performing actions without attachment to the fruits or outcomes. This purifies the mind and reduces ego-centricity.
  10. Duty as Worship: Seeing one's work and interactions as an offering to the divine.
  11. Ethical Living (Yamas & Niyamas from Ashtanga Yoga): Practices like non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, self-control, purity, contentment, self-study, and surrender to a higher power lay the foundational ethical groundwork for spiritual awakening. A chaotic or impure mind cannot easily grasp universal consciousness.
  12. Study of Scriptures and Satsang: Listening to Truth (Sravana): Studying sacred texts (like the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Vasistha) that articulate the nature of Universal Consciousness helps to intellectually grasp the concepts.
  13. Reflection (Manana): Deeply contemplating and assimilating the teachings.
  14. Association with the Wise: Spending time with enlightened teachers or spiritual communities (Satsang) provides guidance, inspiration, and a conducive environment for growth.
 
The Process is Gradual (usually):
While sudden awakenings (like that of Ramana Maharshi) do occur, for most, the "graduation" is a gradual unfolding, often described in stages like the Yoga Vasistha's Seven Jnana Bhumikas. It involves persistent practice, self-observation, and a willingness to let go of deeply ingrained beliefs and identifications.
Ultimately, graduating from world appearance to universal consciousness is the journey of remembering what you already are. It's not about acquiring something new, but about removing the veils that obscure the ever-present, infinite reality of your true Self.
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The Root of Sufferings – the Yoga Vasistha

11/1/2025

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The book “The Supreme Yoga” is the teaching of the sage Vasistha imparted to Sri Rama. It contains true understanding about the creation of the world i.e. the world is nothing but the play of consciousness. the Yoga Vasistha is the greatest help to the spiritual awakening and direct experience of Truth. Vasistha demands direct observation of the mind, its motion, its notions, its reasoning, the assumed cause and the projected result. The book is a translation into English by Swami Venkatesananda of Divine Life Society, Rishikesh India. The article is primarily based on it.
 
All enjoyments in this world are delusion. All the hopes of man in this world are consistently destroyed by time. Time alone creates innumerable universes and in a very short time, Time destroys everything.   

All beings in this world take birth but to die, and they die to be born; these phenomena are the roots of suffering and sin. Egotism is the sole cause of mental distress. Egotism eclipses self-control, destroys virtue and dissipates equanimity. Non-egotism alone is truth.
The notion ‘I am’ is the source of all distress. The absence of such a feeling is perfection. Realise ‘I am not that ego-sense’ and rest in pure awareness. When such pure awareness arises, all notions subside. When the ego-sense is non-existent, where is samsara (the cycle of birth and death)? When thus samsara does not exist, the supreme being alone remains.
Egotism promotes cravings; without it they perish. Craving is the root of sorrow. The cravings dry up the good and noble qualities of the mind and heart, like sweetness and gentleness of disposition, and makes hard and cruel. Man is caught in the wheel of craving.  The characteristic of this craving is that it has no direction. Despite eyes, it makes blind; despite full of joy, it makes miserable.

One should abandon craving for pleasures (those that have been experienced in the past and others that have not yet been experienced but for which one craves) and thus gradually weaken the mind by the abandonment of taste for them. By the cultivation of the false relationship with what is not self (the body and those related to it such as wife, son, family etc.) the mind becomes gross. The notions of “I” and “mine” make the mind dense and ignorant. This is further aggravated by old age, sorrow, ambitions, psychological distress, efforts to acquire and to abandon, attachments, greed, lust for wealth and sex and by the enjoyment of sense-pleasures, all of which are based on ignorance and delusion.

Neither in childhood nor in youth nor in old age does one enjoy any happiness. He is happy who is free from egotism and who is not swayed by craving for sense-pleasure. Even though the busy overcomes all his earthy enemies and surrounds himself with wealth and luxury, and even when he boasts that he is happy, death creeps in upon him.

Renounce everything. “By ‘total’ is meant only the mind, for mind is the all. Renunciation of the mind is total renunciation”. Mind is the “I”. the ego-sense that arises within you is the mind.

The relationship between the mind and prana is that of a rider and the vehicle. When the mind and the prana function in harmony, the person engages himself in various activities. When there is disturbance there is disharmony. When both are at rest there is sleep. When the Nadi are clogged by food or when there is weakness of fatigue, there is sleep, because the prana is unable to move properly.

Body -
This tree which is the body is born in the forest known as Samsara, the restless monkey (mind) plays on it, it is the abode of worries, it is constantly eaten by the insects (of endless sufferings), it shelters the venomous serpents (of cravings), and the wild crow (of anger) dwells on it. On it are the flowers (of laughter), its fruits are good and evil, it appears to be animated by the wind (of life force), it supports the birds (of senses), it is resorted to be the traveller (lust or desire) for it provides the shade of pleasure, the formidable vulture (egotism) is seated on it and it is hollow and empty. It is certainly not meant to promote happiness. This body is home of illness, the field of mental distress and changing emotions and mental states. Unmindful of old age and death that are common to the rich and the poor, it seeks wealth and power.

This body passes through childhood, youth and old age. Helplessness, mishaps, inability, to express oneself, utter foolishness, playfulness, instability, weakness – all these characterise childhood. The child is easily offended, easily roused to anger, easily bursts into tears. He is at the mercy of others. Though the child may appear to be innocent, the truth is that all sorts of defects, sinful tendencies and neurotic behaviour lie hidden and dormant in it. The child’s mind is extremely restless which is the cause of unhappiness.

Leaving the period of childhood behind, the human being goes to the stage of youth, but he is unable to leave the unhappiness behind. Rather he progresses from misery to greater misery and embraces the terrible goblin known as lust that resides in his heart. His life is full of desire and anxiety. Though youthfulness appears to be very desirable to the body, it is destructive to the mind. In youth, the man is tempted by the mirage of happiness and in its pursuit, he falls into the well of sorrow. Alas, even when youth is about to leave the body, the passions that had been aroused by the youth burn the more fiercely and bring about one’s quick destruction. In his youth, man is a slave of sexual attraction.

Very soon the very flesh that contributed to the attractiveness, the charm and the beauty of the beloved is transformed first into the shrivelled ugliness of the old age, and later consumed by fire, or by worms, or by vultures.

Roots of Suffering –
Ignorant of the truth, we aimlessly wandering in this dense forest called the world. Equally useless is wealth which deludes the ignorant. Wealth gives birth to numerous worries and generates an insatiable craving for more. Both the good and the wicked can become wealthy. Wealth and happiness do not dwell together. Rare is that wealthy man who does not have rivals.
  1. Egotism is the sole cause of mental distress. Egotism is foremost cause for evil; wisdom is weak; all actions lead to unpleasantness; and pleasure is sexually oriented. One’s intelligence is governed by egotism, instead of being other way round. Hence there is no peace nor happiness in one’s mind.
  2. Indulgence in sense-pleasure poisons the mind in such a way that its effects last several life times. Only the man of self-knowledge is free from this.
  3. The ego-sense is the source of endless sorrow, suffering and evil action. The anxiety caused by thoughts like ‘I have got this now.’ “I shall get that too” burns the ignorant. Such notions as This is’ and That is not’ cause restlessness in the egotist.

No-Mind State -
All beings in this world are tainted with evil; all relationships are bondage; all enjoyments are great diseases; and desire for happiness is only mirage. One’s own senses are one’s enemies; one’s own mind has become one’s worst enemy.
All these phenomena seem to have a transient reality, like dream experiences, visions in the state of delirium, hallucinations of a drunkard, optical illusions, psychosomatic illness, emotional disturbances and psychotic states. Lover suffers from the very imagination of his beloved’s separation. But, of course, this is not your fault; it is my fault that I still cling to the notion that you, my mind, are a real entity. When I realise that all these are illusory appearances, then you will become no-mind and all the memories of sense-experiences, etc. will come to an end.

When the mind perceives the body as distinct from it, abandons its own conditioning (the concepts) and recognises its own transient nature, it is victorious. The mind gives birth to the body through its own thought-force and throughout the body’s life-time the mind feeds it with its (the mind’s) own sorrow. Thus, tortured by sorrow the body wishes to destroy the mind, its own parent! There is no friend nor enemy in the world; that which gives us pleasure is considered our friend and that which causes pain is our enemy!
The body tries every day (in deep sleep) to destroy the mind. However, until self-knowledge is attained, one unwittingly promotes the strength of the other and they seem to function together for a common purpose – even as water and fire, though opposed to each other, work together for a common cause (e.g. cooking).
One should strive to kill the mind.
On account of the modification (thought), this consciousness is apparently veiled and is not realised. It is this self or consciousness that activates the mind even as wind rustles at leaves; it makes the senses function as the rider guides the horse.
Alas, on account of your identification with the embodiment, you O self-had, as it were, forgotten your own nature. Hence, you had to undergo endless suffering in repeated births, experiencing external perceptions without self-knowledge. You (self) dwell in ‘me’ in a state of equilibrium, as pure witness consciousness, without form and without the divisions of space and time.
He is fit to die who is sunk in ignorance and sorrow. Living is appropriate to one whose mind is well controlled by his self-knowledge and who is aware of the truth. He should live who does not entertain notions of egoism and who is unattached to anything, who is free from likes and dislikes and has a calm mind, whose mind has reached the state of no-mind.

Self-Knowledge -

Where there is self-knowledge there is neither mind nor the senses, nor the tendencies and habits (the concepts and precepts). The mind, body and senses are playthings. Purity, total fulfilment of all desires (hence, their absence), friendliness to all, truthfulness, wisdom, tranquillity and blissfulness, sweetness of speech, supreme magnanimity, lustrousness, one pointedness, realisation of cosmic unity, fearlessness, absence of divided consciousness, non-perversity – these are my constant companions.
The holy word OM which bestows the highest state. He intoned OM in such a way that is vibrations filled his while being right up to the crown of his head.
  1. In the insentient rocks, consciousness remains immobile, having abandoned the thinking faculty but not having been able to reach the state of no-mind. It is like the state of deep sleep, far away from the state of liberation. But if they exist as in a state of deep sleep without any concepts or precepts, I think they are close to liberation.
  2. Conditioning remains in the heart, even in their subtle state, it should be regarded as the deep sleep state; it gives rise to rebirth.
  3. Where the seed of Vasana (self-conditioning or tendency) exists, that state is like deep sleep; it is not perfection. When all Vasana are destroyed and even the potentiality of the Vasana does not exist, that state is known as the fourth (beyond waking, dream and deep sleep) and transcendental state.
  4. The modes of mind like attraction and repulsion and likes and dislikes have been conjured up in imagination. They have been destroyed by the absence of thoughts. How can they be magnified? When Brahman alone moves in all which Brahman, and Brahman alone unfolds as Brahman in all, what is joy and what is sorrow? Brahman is satisfied with Brahman; Brahman is established in Brahman. There is neither ‘I’ nor ‘another’. 
  5. All the objects in this world are Brahman. I am Brahman. Such being the case, both passion and dispassion, craving and aversion are but notions. Body is Brahman, death is Brahman, too; when they come together, as the real rope and the unreal imaginary snake come together, where is the cause of sorrow?
  6. When the whirlpool dies in the water, nothing is dead! When the death-Brahman overtakes the body-Brahman, nothing is lost. It is the ignorance or delusion that divides the one into This is sentient Jiva, and “This is insentient matter.”
 
  1. The world is not unreal (only the limiting adjunct, the mind, is false). Therefore, all this is the indivisible, illimitable, nameless and formless infinite consciousness. it is the self-reflection of the Brahman, which is the infinite forms, that appears to be the universe with its creation-dissolution cycle. It is this Brahman itself which knows itself for a moment as this universe and appears to be such. There is no mind.
  2. Abandon all notions (Sankalpa). If you are attracted by anything here, you are bound; if you are not attracted at all you are free. Subdue the mind by the mind. Purify the mind by mind. Destroy the mind by the mind. The Jiva has three forms: the dense, the subtle and the supreme. The physical body is the dense form. The mind with its notions and limitations is the subtle body. Abandon these two and resort to the supreme which is the reality – pure, unmodified consciousness. This is the cosmic being. Remain established in it, having firmly rejected the former two.
  3. One should constantly endeavour to educate the mind with purifying knowledge and nourish it with inner transformation brought about by the study of scriptures.
  4. self, you enjoy pleasure and pain as if they were real, while you perceive and receive them through the consciousness of wise person, without ever abandoning the state of utter equanimity.
  5. One who has transcended the notions of being and non-being. For in all conditions, he is firmly established in self-knowledge.
  6. One attains self-knowledge through self-enquiry undertaken through self-effort; at times this self-effort manifests as devotion to Vishnu who is also the self, and thus one attains enlightenment. The foremost means for self-knowledge is self-enquiry; grace and such other factors are secondary means. 
  7. With an unattached mind you perform merely with the organs of action. The delight derived from sensual experience is fleeting. A repetition of that experience does not afford a repetition of the same delight. So, the pleasure belongs to the desire - hence give up desire.
  8. Let hopes cease and let notions vanish, let the mind reach the state of no-mind, while you live unattached.
  9. When you do not engage yourself in sense-experiences and also when you experience whatever comes to you unsought. You are in a state of equanimity and purity, free from latent tendencies and memories. In such a state, like the sky, you will not be tainted even by a thousand distractions.
  10. Make the mind unwinking (free from movement of thought) by the restraint of the prana and also the latent tendencies (Vasana).
  11. After living with such no-mind for some time, there arises the state known as turiya-atita (the state beyond the transcendental, or the turiya state).The Root of Sufferings – the Yoga Vasistha
     
    The book “The Supreme Yoga” is the teaching of the sage Vasistha imparted to Sri Rama. It contains true understanding about the creation of the world i.e. the world is nothing but the play of consciousness. the Yoga Vasistha is the greatest help to the spiritual awakening and direct experience of Truth. Vasistha demands direct observation of the mind, its motion, its notions, its reasoning, the assumed cause and the projected result. The book is a translation into English by Swami Venkatesananda of Divine Life Society, Rishikesh India. The article is primarily based on it.
     
    All enjoyments in this world are delusion. All the hopes of man in this world are consistently destroyed by time. Time alone creates innumerable universes and in a very short time, Time destroys everything.   
    All beings in this world take birth but to die, and they die to be born; these phenomena are the roots of suffering and sin. Egotism is the sole cause of mental distress. Egotism eclipses self-control, destroys virtue and dissipates equanimity. Non-egotism alone is truth.
    The notion ‘I am’ is the source of all distress. The absence of such a feeling is perfection. Realise ‘I am not that ego-sense’ and rest in pure awareness. When such pure awareness arises, all notions subside. When the ego-sense is non-existent, where is samsara (the cycle of birth and death)? When thus samsara does not exist, the supreme being alone remains.
    Egotism promotes cravings; without it they perish. Craving is the root of sorrow. The cravings dry up the good and noble qualities of the mind and heart, like sweetness and gentleness of disposition, and makes hard and cruel. Man is caught in the wheel of craving.  The characteristic of this craving is that it has no direction. Despite eyes, it makes blind; despite full of joy, it makes miserable.
    One should abandon craving for pleasures (those that have been experienced in the past and others that have not yet been experienced but for which one craves) and thus gradually weaken the mind by the abandonment of taste for them. By the cultivation of the false relationship with what is not self (the body and those related to it such as wife, son, family etc.) the mind becomes gross. The notions of “I” and “mine” make the mind dense and ignorant. This is further aggravated by old age, sorrow, ambitions, psychological distress, efforts to acquire and to abandon, attachments, greed, lust for wealth and sex and by the enjoyment of sense-pleasures, all of which are based on ignorance and delusion.
    Neither in childhood nor in youth nor in old age does one enjoy any happiness. He is happy who is free from egotism and who is not swayed by craving for sense-pleasure. Even though the busy overcomes all his earthy enemies and surrounds himself with wealth and luxury, and even when he boasts that he is happy, death creeps in upon him.
    Renounce everything. “By ‘total’ is meant only the mind, for mind is the all. Renunciation of the mind is total renunciation”. Mind is the “I”. the ego-sense that arises within you is the mind.
    The relationship between the mind and prana is that of a rider and the vehicle. When the mind and the prana function in harmony, the person engages himself in various activities. When there is disturbance there is disharmony. When both are at rest there is sleep. When the Nadi are clogged by food or when there is weakness of fatigue, there is sleep, because the prana is unable to move properly.
    Body -
    This tree which is the body is born in the forest known as Samsara, the restless monkey (mind) plays on it, it is the abode of worries, it is constantly eaten by the insects (of endless sufferings), it shelters the venomous serpents (of cravings), and the wild crow (of anger) dwells on it. On it are the flowers (of laughter), its fruits are good and evil, it appears to be animated by the wind (of life force), it supports the birds (of senses), it is resorted to be the traveller (lust or desire) for it provides the shade of pleasure, the formidable vulture (egotism) is seated on it and it is hollow and empty. It is certainly not meant to promote happiness. This body is home of illness, the field of mental distress and changing emotions and mental states. Unmindful of old age and death that are common to the rich and the poor, it seeks wealth and power.
    This body passes through childhood, youth and old age. Helplessness, mishaps, inability, to express oneself, utter foolishness, playfulness, instability, weakness – all these characterise childhood. The child is easily offended, easily roused to anger, easily bursts into tears. He is at the mercy of others. Though the child may appear to be innocent, the truth is that all sorts of defects, sinful tendencies and neurotic behaviour lie hidden and dormant in it. The child’s mind is extremely restless which is the cause of unhappiness.
    Leaving the period of childhood behind, the human being goes to the stage of youth, but he is unable to leave the unhappiness behind. Rather he progresses from misery to greater misery and embraces the terrible goblin known as lust that resides in his heart. His life is full of desire and anxiety. Though youthfulness appears to be very desirable to the body, it is destructive to the mind. In youth, the man is tempted by the mirage of happiness and in its pursuit, he falls into the well of sorrow. Alas, even when youth is about to leave the body, the passions that had been aroused by the youth burn the more fiercely and bring about one’s quick destruction. In his youth, man is a slave of sexual attraction.
    Very soon the very flesh that contributed to the attractiveness, the charm and the beauty of the beloved is transformed first into the shrivelled ugliness of the old age, and later consumed by fire, or by worms, or by vultures.
    Roots of Suffering –
    Ignorant of the truth, we aimlessly wandering in this dense forest called the world. Equally useless is wealth which deludes the ignorant. Wealth gives birth to numerous worries and generates an insatiable craving for more. Both the good and the wicked can become wealthy. Wealth and happiness do not dwell together. Rare is that wealthy man who does not have rivals.
  12. Egotism is the sole cause of mental distress. Egotism is foremost cause for evil; wisdom is weak; all actions lead to unpleasantness; and pleasure is sexually oriented. One’s intelligence is governed by egotism, instead of being other way round. Hence there is no peace nor happiness in one’s mind.
  13. Indulgence in sense-pleasure poisons the mind in such a way that its effects last several life times. Only the man of self-knowledge is free from this.
  14. The ego-sense is the source of endless sorrow, suffering and evil action. The anxiety caused by thoughts like ‘I have got this now.’ “I shall get that too” burns the ignorant. Such notions as This is’ and That is not’ cause restlessness in the egotist.
  15. No-Mind State -
    All beings in this world are tainted with evil; all relationships are bondage; all enjoyments are great diseases; and desire for happiness is only mirage. One’s own senses are one’s enemies; one’s own mind has become one’s worst enemy.
    All these phenomena seem to have a transient reality, like dream experiences, visions in the state of delirium, hallucinations of a drunkard, optical illusions, psychosomatic illness, emotional disturbances and psychotic states. Lover suffers from the very imagination of his beloved’s separation. But, of course, this is not your fault; it is my fault that I still cling to the notion that you, my mind, are a real entity. When I realise that all these are illusory appearances, then you will become no-mind and all the memories of sense-experiences, etc. will come to an end.
    When the mind perceives the body as distinct from it, abandons its own conditioning (the concepts) and recognises its own transient nature, it is victorious. The mind gives birth to the body through its own thought-force and throughout the body’s life-time the mind feeds it with its (the mind’s) own sorrow. Thus, tortured by sorrow the body wishes to destroy the mind, its own parent! There is no friend nor enemy in the world; that which gives us pleasure is considered our friend and that which causes pain is our enemy!
    The body tries every day (in deep sleep) to destroy the mind. However, until self-knowledge is attained, one unwittingly promotes the strength of the other and they seem to function together for a common purpose – even as water and fire, though opposed to each other, work together for a common cause (e.g. cooking).
    One should strive to kill the mind.
    On account of the modification (thought), this consciousness is apparently veiled and is not realised. It is this self or consciousness that activates the mind even as wind rustles at leaves; it makes the senses function as the rider guides the horse.
    Alas, on account of your identification with the embodiment, you O self-had, as it were, forgotten your own nature. Hence, you had to undergo endless suffering in repeated births, experiencing external perceptions without self-knowledge. You (self) dwell in ‘me’ in a state of equilibrium, as pure witness consciousness, without form and without the divisions of space and time.
    He is fit to die who is sunk in ignorance and sorrow. Living is appropriate to one whose mind is well controlled by his self-knowledge and who is aware of the truth. He should live who does not entertain notions of egoism and who is unattached to anything, who is free from likes and dislikes and has a calm mind, whose mind has reached the state of no-mind.
    Self-Knowledge -
    Where there is self-knowledge there is neither mind nor the senses, nor the tendencies and habits (the concepts and precepts). The mind, body and senses are playthings. Purity, total fulfilment of all desires (hence, their absence), friendliness to all, truthfulness, wisdom, tranquillity and blissfulness, sweetness of speech, supreme magnanimity, lustrousness, one pointedness, realisation of cosmic unity, fearlessness, absence of divided consciousness, non-perversity – these are my constant companions.
    The holy word OM which bestows the highest state. He intoned OM in such a way that is vibrations filled his while being right up to the crown of his head.
  16. In the insentient rocks, consciousness remains immobile, having abandoned the thinking faculty but not having been able to reach the state of no-mind. It is like the state of deep sleep, far away from the state of liberation. But if they exist as in a state of deep sleep without any concepts or precepts, I think they are close to liberation.
  17. Conditioning remains in the heart, even in their subtle state, it should be regarded as the deep sleep state; it gives rise to rebirth.
  18. Where the seed of Vasana (self-conditioning or tendency) exists, that state is like deep sleep; it is not perfection. When all Vasana are destroyed and even the potentiality of the Vasana does not exist, that state is known as the fourth (beyond waking, dream and deep sleep) and transcendental state.
  19. The modes of mind like attraction and repulsion and likes and dislikes have been conjured up in imagination. They have been destroyed by the absence of thoughts. How can they be magnified? When Brahman alone moves in all which Brahman, and Brahman alone unfolds as Brahman in all, what is joy and what is sorrow? Brahman is satisfied with Brahman; Brahman is established in Brahman. There is neither ‘I’ nor ‘another’. 
  20. All the objects in this world are Brahman. I am Brahman. Such being the case, both passion and dispassion, craving and aversion are but notions. Body is Brahman, death is Brahman, too; when they come together, as the real rope and the unreal imaginary snake come together, where is the cause of sorrow?
  21. When the whirlpool dies in the water, nothing is dead! When the death-Brahman overtakes the body-Brahman, nothing is lost. It is the ignorance or delusion that divides the one into This is sentient Jiva, and “This is insentient matter.”
  22.  
  23. The world is not unreal (only the limiting adjunct, the mind, is false). Therefore, all this is the indivisible, illimitable, nameless and formless infinite consciousness. it is the self-reflection of the Brahman, which is the infinite forms, that appears to be the universe with its creation-dissolution cycle. It is this Brahman itself which knows itself for a moment as this universe and appears to be such. There is no mind.
  24. Abandon all notions (Sankalpa). If you are attracted by anything here, you are bound; if you are not attracted at all you are free. Subdue the mind by the mind. Purify the mind by mind. Destroy the mind by the mind. The Jiva has three forms: the dense, the subtle and the supreme. The physical body is the dense form. The mind with its notions and limitations is the subtle body. Abandon these two and resort to the supreme which is the reality – pure, unmodified consciousness. This is the cosmic being. Remain established in it, having firmly rejected the former two.
  25. One should constantly endeavour to educate the mind with purifying knowledge and nourish it with inner transformation brought about by the study of scriptures.
  26. self, you enjoy pleasure and pain as if they were real, while you perceive and receive them through the consciousness of wise person, without ever abandoning the state of utter equanimity.
  27. One who has transcended the notions of being and non-being. For in all conditions, he is firmly established in self-knowledge.
  28. One attains self-knowledge through self-enquiry undertaken through self-effort; at times this self-effort manifests as devotion to Vishnu who is also the self, and thus one attains enlightenment. The foremost means for self-knowledge is self-enquiry; grace and such other factors are secondary means. 
  29. With an unattached mind you perform merely with the organs of action. The delight derived from sensual experience is fleeting. A repetition of that experience does not afford a repetition of the same delight. So, the pleasure belongs to the desire - hence give up desire.
  30. Let hopes cease and let notions vanish, let the mind reach the state of no-mind, while you live unattached.
  31. When you do not engage yourself in sense-experiences and also when you experience whatever comes to you unsought. You are in a state of equanimity and purity, free from latent tendencies and memories. In such a state, like the sky, you will not be tainted even by a thousand distractions.
  32. Make the mind unwinking (free from movement of thought) by the restraint of the prana and also the latent tendencies (Vasana).
  33. After living with such no-mind for some time, there arises the state known as turiya-atita (the state beyond the transcendental, or the turiya state).
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Best Path for Bliss and Salvation or Liberation from Re-Birth

10/17/2025

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The ultimate goal of life is “Bliss in all situation and times” and Moksha (liberation) from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. In the Hinduism, there are several means and paths for liberation from the cycle of birth and death or re-birth viz. bhakti yoga, Kriya yoga, Spiritual wisdom, Selfless actions etc. Hinduism describes multiple paths to attain this goal, because each soul (Jiva) is different in temperament and spiritual maturity.
Rigveda says, “Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti” – "Truth is one, though the sages know it by many names,". Therefore, no single path is universally declared the "best" for all people in all eras.
The ultimate goal is to become permanently happy and fearless. This is possible only when one is thoughtless or regulate the mind which experiences all types of feelings (pleasures, pains, miseries, sorrows, excitements, ambitions, expectations etc.). In case all the feelings, emotional disturbances or passions are arrested, the mind becomes still or calm bringing unbroken happiness or bliss. This goal can be achieved by four different paths prescribed in the Hinduism.   

The path of Bhakti is more suitable for the person of emotions; the path of Karma for the person of actions; the path of Jnana for the person of high intellect and the path of Dhayana for the focused person. All these four paths are inter-dependent and have goal i.e.

Salvation or Liberation.
However, certain scriptures and traditions emphasize a particular path as most effective, often depending on the time period or the individual's nature:
  1. Bhagavad Gita's Emphasis: While the Gita synthesizes all three (Karma, Jnana, and Bhakti), it culminates in the teachings of Bhakti Yoga, declaring it the easiest and most accessible way, especially for an individual who finds the path of knowledge too difficult or action too binding. Lord Krishna advises ultimate surrender and devotion to him. As per Bhagavad Gita (18.66) - Abandon all other paths and surrender completely unto Me; I shall liberate you from all sins — do not grieve (सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज। अहं त्वां सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः॥)
  2. Advaita Vedanta's Emphasis: Schools of absolute non-dualism (Advaita) originating from the Upanishads hold that Jnana Yoga (spiritual wisdom) is the direct means to liberation, as ignorance is seen as the root cause of bondage. The other paths are seen as preparatory tools to purify the mind and prepare it for receiving true knowledge.
  3. As per Yoga Vasistha, the impure is the cause of birth; the pure liberates one from the birth. Both Work (Self-efforts) and Knowledge (Self-Knowledge) together lead to the supreme goal of liberation. There are four gate-keepers at the entrance to the realm of freedom (Moksha). They are self-spirit, spirit of enquiry, contentment and good company.
All the paths ultimately converge — Karma purifies the mind, Jnana gives wisdom, and Bhakti completes with surrender. As Swami Vivekananda summarized - Karma Yoga prepares, Bhakti Yoga purifies, Raja Yoga perfects, and Jnana Yoga liberates.
 
The various paths to purify the mind, body & wealth and salvation from the re-birth are as under -
 
Charity (Dāna) – Preparatory means to facilitate Salvation
Charity reduces attachment and ego; cultivates compassion and purity of heart — the foundation for higher sadhana (spiritual practice). It includes the offering of wealth, food, service, or knowledge selflessly for the benefit of others.
  1. Bhagavad Gita 17.20 – That gift which is given at the proper time, place, and to a worthy person without expectation of return is called sattvic charity. ("दातव्यमिति यद्दानं दीयतेऽनुपकारिणे। देशे काले च पात्रे च तद्दानं सात्त्विकं स्मृतम्॥")
 
  1. Manusmriti 4.229 - By charity one purifies wealth; by study, knowledge; by penance, the body.
Devotion (Bhakti Yoga) – the Path of Liberation
Salvation is achieved through intense, loving devotion (bhakti) and complete surrender to a personal form of God (Ishvara / Saguna Brahman) or a chosen deity (Ishta Devata). The Bhagavata Purana (or Shrimad Bhagavatam) prescribes nine forms of devotion. Bhakti transforms the heart. Through divine love, the ego dissolves, leading to union (sayujya) with the Divine. This includes total love, surrender, and devotion to God with mind, heart, and action.

  1. Bhagavad Gita 9.22 – Those who think of Me alone with unwavering devotion — I take care of their needs and preserve what they have (अनन्याश्चिन्तयन्तो मां ये जनाः पर्युपासते... योगक्षेमं वहाम्यहम्॥)
  2. Bhagavad Gita 18.65 - Always think of Me, be devoted to Me, worship Me, and offer homage to Me. Thus, you will come to Me without fail.
  3. Bhagavata Purana 1.2.6 - The supreme duty for all mankind is that by which one develops pure, causeless devotion to the Supreme Lord (स वै पुंसां परो धर्मो यतो भक्तिरधोक्षजे.).
 
Kriya Yoga / Raja Yoga – the Path of Liberation
Moksha is achieved through the disciplined control of the mind and senses, leading to the superconscious state of Samadhi
(absorption). The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali systematically outlines this path, known as Ashtanga Yoga (eight-limbed yoga) which includes Yama (External Discipline), Niyama (Internal Discipline), physical postures (asana), breath control (pranayama), Concentration (Dharana), meditation (dhyana) and Samadhi.
Through meditation and control of prana, one stills the fluctuations of the mind (citta-vṛtti-nirodhaḥ) and realizes the Self.  A systematic discipline of body, mind, and breath leading to inner stillness and direct realization.
  1. Patanjali Yoga Sutra 2.1 - Kriya Yoga consists of austerity (tapaḥ), self-study (svādhyāya), and surrender to God (Īśvara praṇidhāna) (तपःस्वाध्यायेश्वरप्रणिधानानि क्रियायोगः॥)
  2. Bhagavad Gita 6.15 - meditating constantly, the yogi attains peace and liberation (युञ्जन्नेवं सदा योगी आत्मानं रहसि स्थितः.)
Austerity or Penance – Preparatory means to facilitate Salvation
Tapa burns karmic impurities (mala), preparing the mind for higher realization. Voluntary endurance of hardship for spiritual purification and control of senses.

  1. Bhagavad Gita 17.14–17: describes three kinds of tapas — of body, speech, and mind - Worship of the divine, the wise, and purity is bodily austerity (देवद्विजगुरुप्राज्ञपूजनं शौचमार्जवम्... शरीरं तप उच्यते॥).
 
  1. Kathopanishad 1.2.23 - Though tapas purify, final realization requires divine grace and knowledge (नायमात्मा तपसा न लभ्यः.)
Spiritual Wisdom (Jnana Yoga) – the Path of Liberation
Liberation is attained through the realization of the true nature of reality, primarily the unity of the individual soul (Atman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman). It requires intellectual discrimination (Viveka) and detachment (vairagya) to dispel the ignorance (avidya) that causes bondage. In the Upanishads and the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy are fundamentally based on the tenets of Jnana Yoga.
 

Through discrimination (viveka) and realization (ātma-jñāna), ignorance (avidyā), the root cause of bondage is destroyed. The path of self-inquiry and realization of the oneness of Ātman (Self) and Brahman (Supreme Consciousness).
  1. Bhagavad Gita 4.39 - The faithful and devoted gain knowledge, and through knowledge, they quickly attain supreme peace (श्रद्धावान् लभते ज्ञानं.)
  2. Mundaka Upanishad 3.2.9 - When one sees the Supreme, the knot of the heart is cut, all doubts are resolved, and karma is destroyed (भिद्यते हृदयग्रन्थिः... तस्मिन् दृष्टे परावरे॥)
Selfless Action (Karma Yoga) – the Path of Liberation
Liberation is achieved through selfless performance of one's duty (dharma) without attachment to the results or rewards. Actions are performed as a sacrifice or offering to the Divine. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna instructs Arjuna on the necessity of action (karma) but emphasizes Nishkama Karma, or desireless action. Gita quote: "You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but you are not entitled to the fruits of action. Never consider yourself the cause of the results of your activities, and never be attached to not doing your duty." (Bhagavad Gita 2.47)
 
It prescribes - Purifies the mind by removing ego and desire, turning work into worship. Performing one’s duty without attachment to the fruits, dedicating all actions to God.
  1. Bhagavad Gita 2.47 - You have a right to action alone, never to its fruits (कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन.)
  2. Bhagavad Gita 3.19 - Always perform your duty without attachment; by such action one attains the Supreme (तस्मादसक्तः सततं कार्यं कर्म समाचर.)
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 62 & 63

8/1/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
The learned persons should gain delight in praising, praying and meditating upon the Almighty. They should behave in friendly manner with all, discharge their duties with utmost care and spread good qualities, happiness & knowledge.
 
The heads of institutions / assembly should remove injustice, destroy wicked, provide wealth, do welfare and protect their associates / people. They should set an example by their good conduct and gladden all by their knowledge and other virtues, by creating physical & spiritual force in all and by spreading knowledge, righteousness and fearlessness.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 62
  1. As men enjoy happiness by glorifying the Lord, by praying to Him and by meditating upon Him, in the same manner, they should attain secular and spiritual delight by taking shelter in the President of the Assembly etc.
  2. As learned persons bring about the welfare of all beings, worshipping God and treading upon the path of Dharma which is in accordance with the Vedas, cosmic natural laws and Pratyaksha and other means of perception, so you should also do.
  3. Men should always enjoy happiness, by behaving lovingly with the subjects like mothers, by manifesting knowledge and other virtues like the sun dispelling all darkness of ignorance, by remaining firm in the policy taught by God through the Vedas and followed by learned persons and by doing good to all.
  4. As the lightning creates the cloud and does other useful work with its good attributes, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly should remove all injustice by diffusing the light of knowledge and justice with the assistance of the best learned and mighty persons and should rule over a vast State by destroying or keeping away the wicked.
  5. The evils should be eradicated by human beings by illuminating their good qualities like the rays of the dawn Sun and like life-breath itself. Just as the Sun, by spreading its light, creates clouds and causes rain, in the same way, we should shower happiness among the people by creating good knowledge.
  6. Men should perform noble actions like the Yajnas, should protect the kingdom or State and should shower good reputation in all directions.
  7. Men should uphold justice and knowledge as the President of the Assembly etc. maintains wealth or as the sun upholds the heaven and earth.
  8. As day and night revolve like the wheels being associated with each other, so should the married couple behave with mutual love.
  9. As day and night are causers of sap and growth or decay of all objects being friendly to all creatures, in the same way, learned persons should deal with all in a friendly manner.
  10. As husbands get happiness by serving (looking to the needs of their wives, as sisters get delight by serving their brothers and preceptors get knowledge by serving their pupils, in the same manner, those righteous and learned persons who always are firmly engaged in discharging their duties, attain emancipation even if they dwell at home.
  11. As children are born with the co-habitation of the husband and wife, in the same manner, all dealings are produced with the combination of the day and night and the association of the light of the sun and the shadow of the earth. It is impossible to have progeny without the cohabitation (coitus) of the husband and wife.
  12. He should be known to be a righteous person who acquires knowledge from the eternal Vedas and being the President of the Assembly etc. protects his subjects well.
  13. Chairman of the Assembly etc. should provide new wealth and food every day for the benefit of human beings. Just as life-breath brings happiness, similarly everyone should be made happy.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 63
  1. Men should always adore God who by His Power and energy creates all the Universe and upholds it. The sun that upholds the earth and other worlds by his attraction and other attributes is also created and sustained by God. This is what all people should know.
  2. The President of the Assembly or the Commander of the Army should have such temperament, character and conduct that by following his example, all people should become good and should enjoy un-interruptedly the happiness of the kingdom well.
  3. It is not possible to defeat enemies and administer a State properly without the aid of the President of the Assembly and the Commander of the Army. Therefore, these things should be done by the people under their guidance and with their help.
  4. As the sun gladdens all by his light and is the cause of rain by producing the cloud and as he illumines all by dispelling darkness, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly should shine in his kingdom by gladdening all by his knowledge and other virtues, by creating physical and spiritual force in all and by raining down knowledge Dharma (righteousness) and fearlessness and by setting aside all un-righteousness, darkness (of ignorance) and enemies.
  5. It is the duty of the President of the Assembly and the Chief Commander of the Army to create love among the people of the State and the army along with aversion towards unrighteous foes and then to demolish all wicked persons as the sun demolishes all clouds.
  6. Men should accomplish all their righteous act with the help of God and the President of the Assembly.
  7. As the sun disperses the cloud for the welfare of all beings, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly should bring about the welfare of all.
  8. As food and water satisfy all beings by removing hunger and thirst, the same manner, the President of the Assembly should make people, happy and contented.
  9. As electricity supports this universe in the form of the sun and other luminaries, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly etc. should make people endowed with admirable wealth.
 
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 59 to 61

7/18/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
As the God upholds the entire world, the heads of the institutions, parents and teachers should properly protect and maintain people, children and pupils and do good. Learned and righteous persons should always be admired and all should renounce the evils. By associating with the learned, men can attain much knowledge.
 
Persons should acquire knowledge under learned persons and easily accomplish Dharma (righteousness) Artha (Wealth) Kama (fulfilment of noble desires) and Moksha (emancipation). Heads of the institutions should gladden all people by his knowledge, humility and other virtues. They should make the righteous people happy by freeing them from the bonds of sorrow by protecting justice and disintegrating the enemies. A foolish person has no value before a highly learned man, possessing perfect knowledge.
 
All human beings should be made scholars through good education and donation of knowledge through philanthropic scholars' daily efforts.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 59
  1. As the tree, branches and pillars cause delight by upholding the house, so God causes bliss to all by upholding or sustaining them.
  2. Men should know and adore the lord who has revealed the Vedas-repositories of all sciences for giving that perfect knowledge to noble persons, who is the most exalted and the Support of all.
  3. Men should know that as in the light of the Sun, all works are well-accomplished, in the same way, all acts are accomplished well when God is earnestly and sincerely worshipped. Those who thus adore the Lord in right earnest, never lose happiness and wealth. They never feel misery and poverty.
  4. As the earth and the light of the sun make all happy by upholding them, as the parents or teachers always try to bring about the welfare of their children or pupils, as God is always engaged in doing good to His subjects, in the same way, the President of the Assembly should endeavor to do good to all is what the Vedas teach.
  5. The members of the council of ministers or assemblies should adore God as the Lord of all, on account of His Omnipotence. The President of the Assembly should be resorted to on account of his extra-ordinary virtues. He should conquer his enemies in battles, please righteous persons, protect his subjects, serve the learned and keep company with them.
  6. God alone should be adored by all persons whose great glory is manifested by this whole world.
  7. God who is present like electricity in innumerable substances and is the cause of numberless acts and movements, upholds the entire world. He who knows the Science of God, is worshipped of respected by all.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 60
  1. As air upholds fire and electricity etc. and thus sustains the worlds, in the same manner, the officers of the State should keep the subjects in justice with knowledge and righteousness.
  2. Those persons should be served as parents who are admired by learned, righteous and just men and by whose humility all are pleased.
  3. Men should honor those persons who cause people to renounce all evil and tread upon the path of righteousness.
  4. Men should never appoint an unrighteous and un-educated person in charge of the administration.
  5. As, men reach the destination quickly by yoking speedy horses in the carriages, in the same way, by associating with the learned, men can attain much knowledge.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 61
  1. Men should appoint praise worthy officers of the State, should pay to them taxes etc. and respect them by inviting them and they also should show proper respect to their subjects.
  2. Men should not accept another President of the Assembly having given up one who has been well-tested, highly learned, benevolent, righteous and aged or experienced. They should honor him well and always please him.
  3. As learned people try their best to bring about the welfare of men, in the same manner, men should also endeavor to honor them.
  4. As a Carpenter constructs a strong chariot or car for going to distant places and uses all necessary implements to accomplish his purpose, enjoys happiness by travelling comfortably, in the same manner, a man should, constantly attain joy sitting at the feet of a highly learned person acquiring knowledge under him and easily accomplishing Dharma (righteousness) Artha (Wealth) Kama (fulfilment of noble desires) and Moksha (emancipation).
  5. As men accomplish their works by harnessing speedy horses in the chariots and going to distant places to achieve their objects, in the same manner, men should accomplish all their purposes by associating themselves with highly learned and brave persons.
  6. As the sun dissipates the cloud with his splendor, makes it fall down on earth and causing rain gives happiness to all, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly, should gladden all people by his knowledge, humility and other virtues, by getting trained his army well in battles and by conquering his foes.
  7. As the sun gets victory over the cloud destroying it with his rays and preserving food materials, water and sap etc. in the same manner, brave persons under the commander of an army should be victorious over their foes.
  8. As before the power and majesty of the sun, the vastness of the earth etc. is insignificant, in the same manner, a foolish person has no value before a highly learned man, possessing perfect knowledge.
  9. Men should accomplish all works having chosen a kind man as President of the Assembly who is most virtuous like the sun that surpasses the earth and other worlds in his glory, attributes and measurement.
  10. As, with the help of lightning, the Sun rises and with the help of the Sun, lightning illuminates the world and disintegrates the clouds and makes them fall to the ground. Just as a herder of cows makes the cows happy by freeing them from bondage, similarly the members of the Assembly and the soldiers of the army should make the righteous people happy by freeing them from the bonds of sorrow by protecting justice and disintegrating the enemies.
  11. The man, who becomes happy and glorious by serving the kingdom of the earth with the help of the Chairman of the Assembly etc. or by conquering the enemy, is capable of churning out all the enemies and provoking them.
  12. Just as you divide different letters and syllables by piercing the palate etc. with the life-breath, similarly, you should be victorious by disintegrating the enemy's strength and dividing its body parts.
  13. People should always respect the Chairmen of the Assemblies etc. by praising and encouraging them for their knowledge, humility, defeating enemies et cetera. Through these royal men like the Chairman of the Assembly, the education of weapons and scriptures and the skilful art of craft, the warriors in the army should be gathered and the people should be continuously protected by defeating the enemies.
  14. Certainly, without God having created the world with the best qualities like knowledge etc., the people can’t obey the President of the Assembly etc. and just as the Sun cannot be capable of illuminating and sustaining all the worlds, hence by acquiring the best qualities like knowledge etc., the best is the work of praising God.
  15. The one who gives a lot of happiness to humans, who knows horse knowledge etc. and is an incomparable effort-making learned person, should be appointed for protection and should also collect the knowledge of electricity.
  16. All human beings should be made scholars through good education and donation of knowledge through philanthropic scholars' daily efforts. These scholars should serve them daily with delicious food prepared with hospitality in mind and speech. No righteousness is better than donating and receiving knowledge, hence one should always progress knowledge by loving each other.
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 56 to 58

7/11/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
All boys and girls should study sciences and enter into wedlock after knowing merits of one another & should have mutual love for domestic happiness. If they are highly learned, they should teach boys & girls, otherwise discharge other duties according to their merits & temperaments. Husband & wife should be source of happiness to all by their good character and conduct. 
 
A humble righteous, mighty and industrious person should be selected for the position of head in the Assembly, Educational Institutes and Army. Men should constantly enjoy happiness by meditating up on the infinite power of God. The soul is ever pervaded by God who is eternal, Absolute Existence, Absolute Conscious, Perfect Bliss, Omnipotent, Self-refulgent, the Support, Creator of the world, Infinite, Omnipresent Supreme Being The soul is eternal, conscious, finite and not omniscient. The soul is the free doer of actions and enjoys soon the fruits of its good or bad actions in the form of happiness and misery. The soul in the body is the impeller of the body, its organs and inner senses, their upholder, controller, master, possessing desires, malice, volition, happiness. misery and consciousness. The knowers of the real nature of the soul get extreme happiness and joy.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 56
  1. A preacher should marry a learned lady like himself. As he preaches among men-and teaches the boys, his wife should preach among women and should teach girls. By so doing ignorance and fear cannot remain anywhere.
  2. All boys and girls should study all sciences with the observance of Brahmacharya (continence) and after the attainment of full youth, they should enter into wedlock, having known and tested one another's merits, actions and temperaments and after the development of mutual love. If they are highly learned, they should teach boys and girls, otherwise, they should discharge the duties of the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas or Shudras to which ever Varna (class-not caste by birth) they belong according to their merits, actions and temperament.
  3. That marriage is the best where the bride and the bridegroom are of suitable beauty and temperament, but the power and the age of the bridegroom should be equal to one and half of the bride.
  4. When a husband loves his wife and the wife loves the husband, it is only then that domestic happiness follows
  5. As the solar world by its light, attraction and other attributes, makes all worlds rotate in their axis and drawing the sap by its splendour in all directions causes rain and thus sustains all people, in the same manner, husband and wife should behave. (They should be source of happiness to all by their good character and conduct).
  6. As learned persons manifest justice like the sun and protect the people by casting aside or crushing all enemies, so we should also do. In this hymn, there is the mention of the attributes of the sun, lightning and President of the Assembly etc. so it has connection with the previous hymn.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 57
  1. As the water becomes clean and steady going from higher place to the tank below, in the same way, wealth becomes in exhaustible and secure (steady) in the hands of a humble righteous mighty and industrious person, who having acquired the royal prosperity, gives it for the welfare of all, for the development of knowledge and for the growth of physical and spiritual power. We should enthrone only such a liberal hero for the Presidentship or the Assembly, Educational Institutes and Army.
  2. As the lions and other wild beasts in the mountain and waters in the cloud become safe and secure, so the subjects become firmly established in happiness and bliss by resorting to the President of the Assembly etc.
  3. Men should appoint a very admirable virtuous person who sets aside all injustices the morning dispels all darkness, in charge of the battles as the Commander of the Army. They should appoint a person who adorns all with education, wisdom, army, humility and the observance of justice and who gladdens all by providing wealth and food etc. as President of the Assembly.
  4. Those persons only become worthy of reverence who do not accept any one else except God as Averrable and who do not accept anything that is not in accordance with the teachings of the Vedas-revealed by God.
  5. Men should constantly enjoy happiness by meditating up on the infinite power of God, thereby fulfilling their own noble desires and acquiring the kingdom of the earth.
  6. Men should appoint as commander of the Army and President of the Assembly etc. a mighty and learned person who is the destroyer of his enemies and is engaged in preserving the people.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 58
  1. O men, you should know that the soul is ever pervaded by God who is eternal, Absolute Existence, Absolute Conscious pervaded-ness and Perfect Bliss, Omnipotent, Self-refulgent, the Support and Creator of the world, Infinite, Omnipresent Supreme Being The soul is eternal, conscious, finite and not omniscient.
  2. Men should know that the soul is the free doer of actions and enjoys soon the fruits of its good or bad actions in the form of happiness and misery under the Superintendence of God. It is upheld by Perfect God and based upon the sky and other substances for its nourishment. It illumines the intellect and mind etc.
  3. The souls are those which move on earth with the Pranas (vital breaths), which play so to speak with bodies like the chariots and which desire good articles and happiness.
  4. God tells all men. What I have taught through the Vedas, is the real nature of your soul. You should know it well.
  5. Men should know that the soul in the body is the impeller of the body, its organs and inner senses, their upholder, controller, master, possessing desires, malice, volition, happiness. misery and consciousness.
  6. As men enjoy happiness by acquiring knowledge, wealth and friends, in the same manner, the knowers of the real nature of the soul get extreme happiness and joy.
  7. Those men who know God after acquiring the knowledge of their own soul, attain emancipation.
  8. O knowers of the soul and God, make all people happy by casting away the misery of all through the sermons on the real nature of the soul and God.
Men should accept that learned man to be the President of the Assembly etc. who being endowed with Dharma (righteousness) and humility governs well and protects all people.
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 54 & 55

7/4/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
Unrighteousness causes suffering. Those, who take shelter of supreme being or head of state with universal virtues, tread on righteous path. Head of state like God should punish the wicked and protect righteous persons. Head of State should have good knowledge, humility, justice and strong army consisting of brave persons. Head of state and its ministers should be benevolent and provide good governance.
 
A man most exalted on account of his virtues should be made the President of the Assembly or the Council of Ministers etc. And he being righteous himself should be terrifier of the wicked and giver of happiness to the righteous. Those persons are benevolent to all who earn industriously and enjoy wealth. Heads should acquire knowledge, intelligence, humility and righteousness; and should be fierce to the wicked but full of forgiveness and mild to the righteous. The duty of the teacher and the preacher to remove or set aside all superstition and to make all people happy by giving the light of knowledge and justice and to establish the observance of true conduct.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 54
  1. Men should know that God's Power is Infinite and when He is adored sincerely and earnestly, He can make them turn away from the path of unrighteousness which causes suffering and can make them happy. As God is infinite, no one can grasp His end, therefore who is such an unfortunate person who should worship anyone else having given up His worship?
  2. Men should approach and take shelter in that President of the Assembly etc. who on account of supremacy in his universal virtues keeps all in the path of righteousness governing all with justice and law.
  3. Men should have a State or Kingdom which obeys the commands of the Lord and is therefore dear to Him and which is governed by the President of the Assembly (responsible to the Assembly) and not autocratic, so that there may not be misery, injustice, laziness, ignorance and discord among the people and fear from enemies.
  4. As God punishes and causes suffering to the wicked according to their sins, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly or King should train his army by giving proper training in arms and weapons and by restraining the wicked, should protect and preserve righteous subjects.
  5. As God governs over the whole world by His Eternal knowledge and with justice and as the sun cuts into pieces the cloud, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly (King) should govern righteously and should slay his enemies.
  6. Men should not appoint or elect as king a person who cannot protect or preserve the State.
  7. None can administer a State, conquer enemies and get happiness without good knowledge, humility, justice and strong army consisting of brave persons. Therefore, the President of the Council of Ministers must do all this.
  8. The Officers of the State should not oppose or go against the legitimate interests of the subjects and the subjects should not revolt against the officers of the State. But they should mutually love and do good to one another and thus should multiply happiness the State. Without doing this, the law and order in the State cannot be firm and secure.
  9. The President of the Assembly or the Commander of the Army should maintain an army of well-trained and well-fed brave soldiers and should protect the subjects through them, giving them all happiness. These brave people should also always satisfy the President of the Assembly or the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, so that all their noble desires may be fulfilled.
  10. As the air upholds the water that the Sun draws out and takes to the firmament, when together this assumes the form of a mountain and covers the light of the sun, the lightening falls it down on earth. From that, rivers and streams of various forms flow down, sometimes cutting the pieces of the land, mountain and trees etc. Then that water goes to the sea or the firmament and rains again and again, so should the king and other officers of the State. (They should be of benevolent nature like the sun, air, clouds and rivers etc.)
  1. The President of the Council of the Ministers etc. should protect and preserve all people, make them all learned and well-trained and thus multiply wealth and vast and good government.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 55
  1. As the solar is the greatest among the worlds, as the bull is mighty among the herd of cows, in the same manner, a man most exalted on account of his virtues should be made the President of the Assembly or the Council of Ministers etc. And he being righteous himself should be terrifier of the wicked and giver of happiness to the righteous.
  2. As the ocean keeps in itself many jewels and many rivers by its greatness or vastness, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly or the Council of ministers should accept various articles and armies, defeat the wicked and protect the noble persons and thus extend his glory.
  3. Those persons are benevolent to all who earn industriously and enjoy wealth, associated with the President of the Assembly having acquired knowledge, intelligence, humility righteousness and brave army, are fierce to the wicked but full of forgiveness and mild to the righteous.
  4. A highly learned scholar should make all people full of knowledge free and safe by giving them instructions in various sciences, so that they may ever enjoy happiness being free from all doubts.
  5. As the sun gives delight to all with his rays, demolishing the cloud and making it rain down, in the same way, it is the duty of the teacher and the preacher to remove or set aside all superstition and to make all people happy by giving the light of knowledge and justice.
  6. Men should know that that person is doer of good to all who like the sun being the illuminator of knowledge, righteousness and politics, makes all full of good knowledge.
  7. As good charioteers train horses and keep them under their control, in the same manner, the teachers and preachers by their knowledge and sermons keep all established or firm in the observance of true conduct. None can make men righteous without their assistance.
  8. As cultured learned men possess in-exhaustible knowledge, strength wealth and good actions, in the same manner, other people also should try to do.
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 52 & 53

6/28/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
It is the duty of men to behave like the sun for dispelling the darkness of ignorance and spread happiness and peace. The President of the Assembly should be humble, meek and unassuming. The assembly should possess all noble virtues and should distribute wealth among the deserving and needy persons.
The learned and righteous person who acquires the wealth of knowledge, kingdom, vigour, strength and the co-operation of men, enjoys good happiness. Those learned persons ever enjoy happiness who worship one God only.
 
God is the Dispenser of justice giving the fruits of the good or bad actions done by the souls.
 
A man cannot fulfil his desires without the Grace of God and the association with absolutely truthful learned persons.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 52
Just as human beings drive chariots etc. by harnessing horses, in the same way, tasks should be accomplished by driving vehicles with fire et cetera.
  1. The man who like the sun, maintains his army properly and like the cloud producing grain by raining, increases the strength of soldiers, standing firm like the mountain, in his joyful state, having slayed his enemies, can develop the State thoroughly.
  2. Men should elect only such a person as President of the Assembly as nourishes the people like the cloud and rains happiness like the sun.
  3. As rivers become established by reaching the ocean or the firmament, all subjects become established in happiness by approaching the learned President with his assembly.
  4. As the waters go towards a low place, in the same way, the President of the Assembly should be humble, meek and unassuming.
  5. It is the duty of men to behave like the sun (for dispelling the darkness of ignorance) and like the cloud by raining down happiness and peace and manifest the rain of knowledge and justice.
  6. As the water becomes pure and secure going to a lower level, in the same manner, the workers of the State become firmly established and purifiers of all, having approached a virtuous and humble person.
  7. As the sun upholds all worlds with his power and attraction draws the water up and having rained it produces divine happiness, in the same manner, the assembly should possess all noble virtues, attract prosperity from all sides and having distributed wealth among the deserving and needy persons, should manifest bliss among the people.
  8. The learned and righteous person who acquires the wealth of knowledge, kingdom, vigour, strength and the co-operation of men, enjoys good happiness.
  9. The Commander of the Army and others should behave towards their enemies like the rays of the sun and the cloud, tearing them off.
  1. The officers and workers of the State should also put forth their united efforts to increase happiness and virtues.
  2. God is perfectly free from all misery, the most exalted Supreme Being who creates all worlds by His power and pervades them. He is the Dispenser of justice giving the fruits of the good or bad actions done by the souls, thus keeping law and order in the Universe. The President of the Assembly or King also should follow Him (God) and give happiness to all.
  3. We should adore God only knowing that He is the Creator and measurer of this world, Omnipresent Illuminator of Truth and therefore there is none, has never been and will never be like or equal to Him.
  4. As none can reach the end of any attribute of God, as God punishes the wicked by giving them suffering or as the sun cuts into pieces the cloud like a fighter, so should all righteous persons be. (They should be virtuous and just).
  5. Those learned persons ever enjoy happiness who worship one God only, and having acquired knowledge and conquered their enemies, gladden their subjects.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 53
 
  1. As sleeping men take rest, in the same way, having ever accepted refined speech with education and culture and having done noble deeds and giving up indolence, men should endeavour to have the light of true praise of all articles.
  2. There is none giver of all happiness and requisite articles except a righteous and learned person who becomes pure and benevolent in his nature like God. But only those who are friendly to all and have acquired good education can enjoy this happiness and none else.
  3. A man cannot fulfil his desires without the Grace of God and the association with absolutely truthful learned persons like the President of the Assembly and others. Therefore, men should adore God and associate with the learned wise men so that they may be able to accomplish their noble desires.
  4. The President of the Assembly or the commander of the army who gives us happiness by dispelling all ignorance and poverty, by conquering enemies and by educating all should be approached by all. No one can enjoy worldly happiness without his help. Therefore, all should begin the performance of all righteous acts and the enjoyment of all legitimate happiness.
  5. None can accomplish all objects without the help of the learned persons. None can defeat enemies without the powerful, healthy and educated army consisting of righteous and brave persons and endowed with requisite implements and parts. Therefore, a King must possess such a strong army.
  6. All men should enjoy bliss by associating themselves with the righteous noble persons and by adopting all legitimate means for the purpose. The Mantra is also equally applicable to the Acharya or Preceptor of an educational institution like the Gurukul whose duty it is, to remove all obstacles to the progress of his pupils and make them happy and healthy. It is the duty of the taught to obey their teachers and to delight them with their proper conduct and character.
  7. Men should make many friends, should with their help drive away wicked foes, should destroy the bands and cities of the enemies, should cast into prison all unjust persons and by ruling over very vast righteous Government should attain prosperity.
  8. The officers of the State should destroy their enemies and protect the substances and beings in order to honour highly learned, benevolent righteous guests and thus administer the State lawfully and righteously. The dogs should be trained properly and utilized for watch as other animals cannot protect their masters like them, they being most faithful.
  9. An emperor should rule over the vast country righteously pleasing all sub-ordinate kings, their servants, house-holders or recluses, protecting all those who approach him for shelter. The officers of the State should duly protect and punish all according to their good or bad deeds.
  10. It is the duty of the officers of the State to drive away all enemies and to keep all happy by protecting them well. They should always have at heart the progress and prosperity of the State. The Acharya or Principal of the educational institution should educate all and should make them well-versed in the use of various weapons, so that they may protect the people.
  1. All men should enjoy fully mature life or ripe old age (of at least a hundred years) being friendly to one another and making all men and women educated, having control over their senses and urging upon others to do the same.
 
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 49 to 51

5/16/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
The Sukta 49 to 51 of Mandala 1 teaches about the value system and virtues. Whether women or married couples both should follow the virtuous values and appreciate these. All should keep the company of leaned & virtuous people. Highly educated people should marry with the righteous woman.  All married couples should observe perfect chastity and faithfulness to each other without any default. King, head of the institution, commander, etc. all should be respected because of their virtues.
Men should get rid of all diseases and acquire strength by adopting necessary means, using fruits, herbs and ointments etc.
 
It is the duty of the President of the Assembly, the Commander of the army and other officers of the State to kill their enemies like the sun dispelling darkness, to protect the righteous, to tread upon the noble path, to bear infinite might and to increase their influence to put an end to their' foes. If the power remains in the hands of the righteous and noble persons, the happiness of all increases thereby, but on the other hand, if it is in the hands of the wicked, it causes suffering and misery to all.
 
Men should give up the bad habits of wicked ignoble people and cultivate noble disposition. Men should become righteous, dispelling all darkness of ignorance of the people, they should accept Dharma and renounce Adharma (unrighteousness). Learned persons should bring about the welfare of all beings. All men should associate themselves with learned persons and enjoy happiness and bliss in this world by adoring God and keeping company with the wise learned people with perfect love.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 49
  1. As the Dawn born from the horizon (association of the light of the sun with the earth) when turned into day, gladdens all manifesting all objects, in the same way, a woman endowed with Brahmacharya (continence) and Vidya (Knowledge) is to be admired.
  1. Men should know that as by the light, things look beautiful, in the same way, by the association of learned auspicious virtuous wife, all domestic works are well accomplished and there is noble progeny.
  2. As the Dawn divides the year into the moments, hours, days, months, seasons etc. in the same manner, a wife should divide her domestic duties regularly.
  3. The learned persons should know and teach others that a woman behaving like the Dawn dispelling the darkness (of ignorance) is admirable.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 50
  1. As the rays bear the sun, highly educated persons should urge upon all learned men to marry educated and righteous women suitable or agreeable to themselves.
  1. Just as the constellations and the moon live with breath and body in the night, so should married men and women live.
  2. As the sun and the blazing fires, shine outside, in the same way, there is the light of God in the inner soul. All men should try to acquire this knowledge by all means. By His command, all married couples should observe perfect chastity and faithfulness to each other by renouncing all kinds of infidelity of un-chastity.
  3. As the sun and the electricity illuminate external gross or embodied objects, God illuminates the whole world.
  4. Because God is Omnipresent, the Inner Spirit pervading all and witness of all actions, He alone is worthy of adoration and communion.
  5. None can attain true knowledge and purity without the adoration or worship of God (through communion) therefore He alone should be adored by all persons.
  6. All men should know and believe that God who creates the sun and other objects of the world, is the proper giver of the fruits of the meritorious or sinful actions of all souls having seen them thoroughly and is the True and just Sovereign of all.
  7. O men, you should know that at it is not possible to have the vision of the sun without his rays, so it is not possible to have thorough knowledge or Darshan (perfect realization) of God without the study of the Vedas.
  8. God alone should be adored by all men, who is Self-effulgent like the sun, pervading all like the sky and purifier of His devotees.
  9. Men should know that there is none who is equal to God, the Supreme Being and none can get emancipation without attaining Him.
  10. As on the rising of the sun, darkness and thieves etc. disappear, in the same manner, when a good physician comes, all wrong way of diet or causes of ill-health and diseases go away.
  11. Men should get rid of all diseases and acquire strength by adopting necessary means, using fruits, herbs and ointments etc.
  12. Men should act like the omnipotent God or the cause of strength like the Prana (vital energy) or electricity. They should be friendly to all righteous persons and should preserve all subjects.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 51
  1. Men should honor that king only who, on account of his many virtues, is shining like the sun. Without such a mighty king, it is not possible for anyone to enjoy happiness.
  2. All should take shelter in à virtuous person who is admired and advised by highly intelligent righteous people.
  3. Unless and until the Commander of the army and other military officers become mighty like the sun, they cannot achieve victory over their enemies.
  4. Men should know that it is God who has created the sun that attracts all the worlds, and causes rain and gives happiness to all by illuminating them. (The President of the Assembly should imitate God in discharging his duties and should be full of splendor and mighty like the sun.)
  5. Only that president of the assembly or the Commander of the army commands respect of the people who with his truth and justice, gives good or bad fruit to the righteous and unrighteous persons respectively and thus protects the people.
  6. It is the duty of the President of the Assembly, the Commander of the army and other officers of the State to kill their enemies like the sun dispelling darkness, to protect the righteous, to tread upon the noble path, to bear infinite might and to increase their influence to put an end to their' foes.
  7. If the power remains in the hands of the righteous and noble persons, the happiness of all increases thereby, but on the other hand, if it is in the hands of the wicked, it causes suffering and misery to all. Therefore, it is the duty of all to help in the growth of happiness and strength of the righteous persons and diminution of the power of the wicked.
  8. Men should give up the bad habits of wicked ignoble people and cultivate noble disposition. Those persons only can become Aryas who constantly endeavor to spread knowledge for the accomplishment of good or legitimate enjoyment of all articles and for the removal of un-righteousness and unrighteous persons. None can become a learned, righteous person of noble disposition without the company, study and teaching of the Aryas. Therefore, everyone should always perform good deeds, cultivate good habits and give up all ignoble acts and should thus enjoy happiness.
  9. Men should become righteous, dispelling all darkness of ignorance of the people, They should accept Dharma and renounce Adharma (unrighteousness) after proper deliberation and should prompt others also to do the same. They should keep company with noble righteous persons and give up the association of the ignoble and thus should remain in good order of the society.
  10. Without the help and guidance of the learned commander in-chief of the army, it is not possible to establish law and order on earth, the destruction of the power of the enemies, the manifestation and diffusion of knowledge and noble virtues and the acquisition of food materials and other articles.
  11. Men should appoint only such a person as the President or Officer-in-charge of the Assembly etc. who is a highly learned poet, well-versed in all Shastras and destroyer of crookedness, fierce for the wicked but mild and kind towards the righteous persons, increaser of the strength of the State.
  12. None can enjoy happiness without the use of aero planes and other vehicles and the association with the learned persons. Therefore, one should enjoy bliss by organizing the conferences of highly learned persons and by the knowledge and application of physics and other sciences.
  13. Learned persons should bring about the welfare of all beings by giving instructions about fire, electricity and other scientific and technical subjects.
  14. As it is with the help of the light of the sun that many works are accomplished, the same way, with the guidance given by the learned and with the proper combination of fire, water etc. that men can acquire wealth by making various kinds of vehicles and using them.
  15. All men should associate themselves with learned persons and enjoy happiness and bliss in this world by adoring God and keeping company with the wise learned people with perfect love.
 
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Rigveda – Mandala 1, Sukta – 47 & 48

4/25/2025

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We shall discuss the hymns, Sukta wise & Mandala wise. Our focus is on the implicit meaning of the various hymns instead of literal translations of the hymns. These purported meanings are based primarily on the English translations by Swami Dharmanand Saraswati of the works done by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
 
Highlights –
In Sukta 47, importance of knowledge and role of heads are defined. The heads should destroy misery and increase the prosperity of their juniors. They should construct aeroplanes & other vehicles to travel distant places.
 
In Sukta 48, importance of dawn and women are highlighted. As dawn dispels darkness and brings light and happiness, chaste women bring prosperity and happiness in the family. It is highlighted that the marriage of the bridegrooms should be arranged with the brides of distant places, so that the love between them may ever grow. Those men who sitting in a quiet and pure solitary place, practice nine parts of Yoga including Sanyama, become siddhas, pure in mind word and deed. Those who associate with them and serve them also purify their minds and become seekers after Atma (God and Soul) and Yoga.
 
The hymn wise, purported explanations –
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 47
  1. The President of the Assembly and other officers of the State should take the essence of the herbs and being mighty should increase the prosperity of their subjects.
  2. Men should visualize the practical activities along with the theoretical scientific knowledge and then should accomplish all dealings.
  3. As the sun and air dispel darkness and help in the growth of Soma and other plants, in the same manner, the President of the Assembly and commander of the army destroy misery and increase the wealth or prosperity by making proper arrangements for their growth.
  4. As men can go everywhere after acquiring knowledge from the learned people, manufacturing various vehicles and combining water in proper proportion, they cannot do so otherwise.
  5. The President of the Assembly and the commander of the Army should protect their subjects and their armies incessantly as they preserve their own wealth.
  6. The Officers of the State like the President of the Assembly and others should obtain much wealth for the welfare of the army and the people should manufacture many vehicles like the aero plane to take wealth away to distant places beyond the seas for business etc. and should make all happy.
  7. It is the duty of the President of the Council of Ministers and the Commander of the Army to make arrangements for the construction of such vehicles as may travel in the firmament and take to distant countries.
  1. The officers and people of the State should give to one another good things and should enjoy happiness.
  2. Just as the royal men try for their own interest, in the same way, they must try for the happiness of the people as well.
  3. The officers and people of the State should attend the assembly of the learned persons and should listen to their sermons, so that they may know their duties well.
 
Mandala 1 – Sukta – 48
  1. As the dawn makes men industrious, impelling them to be active and making them happy with the achievement of great substance and when in the evening, she makes them retire, in the same manner, the parents should urge upon their daughters to acquire wisdom and good education.
  2. As the charming dawn makes all beings happy, in the same manner, wives should constantly make their husbands, and other relations, delighted and full of joy.
  3. It is only a person who gets a learned wife, quite agreeable to him enjoys happiness and none else (as a house holder).
  4. Those men who sitting in a quiet and pure solitary place, practice nine parts of Yoga including Sanyama, become siddhas, pure in mind word and deed. Those who associate with them and serve them also purify their minds and become seekers after Atma (God and Soul) and Yoga.
  5. As the Usha (Dawn) is pure and giver of happiness and suitable for the practice of Yoga, so the women should be.
  6. As women get their objects by dealing with labour, in the same manner, the dawn with her light gets the right of her dealing. As she awakens all people by creating the day and sends them to pursue their different vocations and makes them rest at night, the woman should also behave like her. She should make all busy by her own example and dispel all darkness of ignorance.
  7. As chaste women serve their husbands regularly, as the Association of the Dawn with the objects is from a distance, in the same manner, the marriage of the bridegrooms should be arranged with the brides of distant places, so that the love between them may ever grow. The marriage between parties living close to each other causes trouble, while as that of the matches belonging to distant places is generally source of happiness.
  1. As a good woman accomplishes all good works casting aside all obstacles, in the same way, the Dawn drives away with her light robbers, thieves and enemies and helps to accomplish noble acts.
  2. As a good girl illuminates both the families of her parents and husband, in the same way, the Dawn reveals both gross and subtle objects.
  3. As all living creatures are pleased with and get happiness by the dawn, in the same manner, those husbands who are pleased and contented with their noble wives, enjoy all -happiness and bliss.
  4. O men, as the sun makes all beings delighted after turning the Dawn into day, in the same manner, you should please and adorn your wives and wives should please you. In this way, by mutual love and service all should enjoy happiness.
  5. As this Dawn by her appearance causes us to attain pure water, air and light etc., removing all evils and revealing all noble objects, a noble lady should be of the same nature in the discharge of her domestic duties.
  6. As without the Dawn which is followed by day, works cannot be accomplished easily and things cannot be seen in their true form, in the same manner, without a chaste and noble woman, domestic happiness cannot be attained.
  7. None should imitate foolish people. As learned persons reveal the attributes of all objects and thereby spread knowledge and do good to all and as this Usha (Dawn) makes all happy by manifesting all objects by her light, in the same manner, women endowed with wisdom should adorn and illuminate the knowledge of all sciences in the world.
  8. As the Dawn manifests by her light all the paths and doors, in the same manner, men should build houses that may be source of happiness in all seasons and by keeping there all enjoyable necessary objects should always be delighted.
  9. Men should possess the knowledge of the attributes of the Dawn as taught by the learned and thereby acquire with exertion all objects that cause happiness. It is by the proper training or education given by the mothers that children become good. In this hymn, the attributes of girls and women have been taught by the illustration of the Dawn, and so this hymn is connected with the previous hymn.
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